Analysis of 16S rRNA genes reveals reduced Fusobacterial community diversity when translocating from saliva to GI sites

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative oral commensal anaerobe which has been increasingly implicated in various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease,appendicitis, GI cancers. The oral cavity harbors a diverse group of Fusobacterium, and it ispostulated that F. nucleatum in the GI tract originate from the mouth. It is not known, however, ifall oral Fusobacterium translocate to the GI sites with equal efficiencies. Therefore, we amplified 16SrRNA genes of F. nucleatum and F. periodonticum, two closely related oral species from matchedsaliva, gastric aspirates, and colon or ileal pouch aspirates of three patients with inflammatorybowel disease (IBD) and three healthy controls, and saliva alone from seven patients with eitheractive IBD or IBD in remission. The 16S rRNA gene amplicons were cloned, and the DNA sequencesdetermined by Sanger sequencing. The results demonstrate that fusobacterial community composition differs more significantly between the oral and GI sites than between different individuals.The oral communities demonstrate the highest level of variation and have the richest pool ofunique sequences, with certain nodes/strains enriched in the GI tract and others diminished duringtranslocation. The gastric and colon/pouch communities exhibit reduced diversity and are moreclosely related, possibly due to selective pressure in the GI tract. This study elucidates selectivetranslocation of oral fusobacteria to the GI tract. Identification of specific transmissible clones willfacilitate risk assessment for developing Fusobacterium-implicated GI disorders.Fil: Richardson, Miles. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Ren, Jihui. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Rubinstein Guichon, Mara Roxana. Columbia University; Estados Unidos. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Taylor, Jamila A.. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Friedman, Richard A.. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Shen, Bo. No especifíca;Fil: Han, Yiping W.. Columbia University; Estados Unido

Analysis of 16S rRNA genes reveals reduced Fusobacterial community diversity when translocating from saliva to GI sites

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative oral commensal anaerobe which has been increasingly implicated in various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease,appendicitis, GI cancers. The oral cavity harbors a diverse group of Fusobacterium, and it ispostulated that F. nucleatum in the GI tract originate from the mouth. It is not known, however, ifall oral Fusobacterium translocate to the GI sites with equal efficiencies. Therefore, we amplified 16SrRNA genes of F. nucleatum and F. periodonticum, two closely related oral species from matchedsaliva, gastric aspirates, and colon or ileal pouch aspirates of three patients with inflammatorybowel disease (IBD) and three healthy controls, and saliva alone from seven patients with eitheractive IBD or IBD in remission. The 16S rRNA gene amplicons were cloned, and the DNA sequencesdetermined by Sanger sequencing. The results demonstrate that fusobacterial community composition differs more significantly between the oral and GI sites than between different individuals.The oral communities demonstrate the highest level of variation and have the richest pool ofunique sequences, with certain nodes/strains enriched in the GI tract and others diminished duringtranslocation. The gastric and colon/pouch communities exhibit reduced diversity and are moreclosely related, possibly due to selective pressure in the GI tract. This study elucidates selectivetranslocation of oral fusobacteria to the GI tract. Identification of specific transmissible clones willfacilitate risk assessment for developing Fusobacterium-implicated GI disorders.Fil: Richardson, Miles. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Ren, Jihui. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Rubinstein Guichon, Mara Roxana. Columbia University; Estados Unidos. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Taylor, Jamila A.. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Friedman, Richard A.. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Shen, Bo. No especifíca;Fil: Han, Yiping W.. Columbia University; Estados Unido

Experimental Implementation of the Quantum Random-Walk Algorithm

The quantum random walk is a possible approach to construct new quantum algorithms. Several groups have investigated the quantum random walk and experimental schemes were proposed. In this paper we present the experimental implementation of the quantum random walk algorithm on a nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer. We observe that the quantum walk is in sharp contrast to its classical counterpart. In particular, the properties of the quantum walk strongly depends on the quantum entanglement.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, published versio

Absence of nematic instability in the kagome metal CsV3_3Sb5_5

Ever since the discovery of the charge density wave (CDW) transition in the kagome metal CsV$_3$Sb$_5$, the nature of its symmetry breaking is under intense debate. While evidence suggests that the rotational symmetry is already broken at the CDW transition temperature ($T_{\rm CDW}$), an additional electronic nematic instability well below $T_{\rm CDW}$ was reported based on the diverging elastoresistivity coefficient in the anisotropic channel ($m_{E_{2g}}$). Verifying the existence of a nematic transition below $T_{\rm CDW}$ is not only critical for establishing the correct description of the CDW order parameter, but also important for understanding the low-temperature superconductivity. Here, we report elastoresistivity measurements of CsV$_3$Sb$_5$ using three different techniques probing both isotropic and anisotropic symmetry channels. Contrary to previous reports, we find the anisotropic elastoresistivity coefficient $m_{E_{2g}}$ is temperature-independent except for a step jump at $T_{\rm CDW}$. The absence of nematic fluctuations is further substantiated by measurements of the elastocaloric effect, which show no enhancement associated with nematic susceptibility. On the other hand, the symmetric elastoresistivity coefficient $m_{A_{1g}}$ increases below $T_{\rm CDW}$, reaching a peak value of 90 at $T^* = 20$ K. Our results strongly indicate that the phase transition at $T^*$ is not nematic in nature and the previously reported diverging elastoresistivity is due to the contamination from the $A_{1g}$ channel

Implementing universal multi-qubit quantum logic gates in three and four-spin systems at room temperature

In this paper, we present the experimental realization of multi-qubit gates $$ in macroscopic ensemble of three-qubit and four-qubit molecules. Instead of depending heavily on the two-bit universal gate, which served as the basic quantum operation in quantum computing, we use pulses of well-defined frequency and length that simultaneously apply to all qubits in a quantum register. It appears that this method is experimentally convenient when this procedure is extended to more qubits on some quantum computation, and it can also be used in other physical systems.Comment: 5 Pages, 2 Figure

Implementation of a quantum algorithm to solve Bernstein-Vazirani's parity problem without entanglement on an ensemble quantum computer

Bernstein and Varizani have given the first quantum algorithm to solve parity problem in which a strong violation of the classical imformation theoritic bound comes about. In this paper, we refine this algorithm with fewer resource and implement a two qubits algorithm in a single query on an ensemble quantum computer for the first time

The discovery of potent, selective, and reversible inhibitors of the house dust mite peptidase allergen Der p 1: an innovative approach to the treatment of allergic asthma.

Blocking the bioactivity of allergens is conceptually attractive as a small-molecule therapy for allergic diseases but has not been attempted previously. Group 1 allergens of house dust mites (HDM) are meaningful targets in this quest because they are globally prevalent and clinically important triggers of allergic asthma. Group 1 HDM allergens are cysteine peptidases whose proteolytic activity triggers essential steps in the allergy cascade. Using the HDM allergen Der p 1 as an archetype for structure-based drug discovery, we have identified a series of novel, reversible inhibitors. Potency and selectivity were manipulated by optimizing drug interactions with enzyme binding pockets, while variation of terminal groups conferred the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic attributes required for inhaled delivery. Studies in animals challenged with the gamut of HDM allergens showed an attenuation of allergic responses by targeting just a single component, namely, Der p 1. Our findings suggest that these inhibitors may be used as novel therapies for allergic asthma

Magnetoelectric interaction and transport behaviours in magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials

How to suppress the performance deterioration of thermoelectric materials in the intrinsic excitation region remains a key challenge. The magnetic transition of permanent magnet nanoparticles from ferromagnetism to paramagnetism provides an effective approach to finding the solution to this challenge. Here, we have designed and prepared magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials consisting of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles and Ba0.3In0.3Co4Sb12 matrix. It was found that the electrical transport behaviours of the nanocomposites are controlled by the magnetic transition of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles from ferromagnetism to paramagnetism. BaFe12O19 nanoparticles trap electrons below the Curie temperature (TC) and release the trapped electrons above the TC, playing an ‘electron repository’ role in maintaining high figure of merit ZT. BaFe12O19 nanoparticles produce two types of magnetoelectric effect—electron spiral motion and magnon-drag thermopower—as well as enhancing phonon scattering. Our work demonstrates that the performance deterioration of thermoelectric materials in the intrinsic excitation region can be suppressed through the magnetic transition of permanent magnet nanoparticles

Multifunctional Adaptive NS1 Mutations Are Selected upon Human Influenza Virus Evolution in the Mouse

The role of the NS1 protein in modulating influenza A virulence and host range was assessed by adapting A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2) (HK-wt) to increased virulence in the mouse. Sequencing the NS genome segment of mouse-adapted variants revealed 11 mutations in the NS1 gene and 4 in the overlapping NEP gene. Using the HK-wt virus and reverse genetics to incorporate mutant NS gene segments, we demonstrated that all NS1 mutations were adaptive and enhanced virus replication (up to 100 fold) in mouse cells and/or lungs. All but one NS1 mutant was associated with increased virulence measured by survival and weight loss in the mouse. Ten of twelve NS1 mutants significantly enhanced IFN-β antagonism to reduce the level of IFN β production relative to HK-wt in infected mouse lungs at 1 day post infection, where 9 mutants induced viral yields in the lung that were equivalent to or significantly greater than HK-wt (up to 16 fold increase). Eight of 12 NS1 mutants had reduced or lost the ability to bind the 30 kDa cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30) thus demonstrating a lack of correlation with reduced IFN β production. Mutant NS1 genes resulted in increased viral mRNA transcription (10 of 12 mutants), and protein production (6 of 12 mutants) in mouse cells. Increased transcription activity was demonstrated in the influenza mini-genome assay for 7 of 11 NS1 mutants. Although we have shown gain-of-function properties for all mutant NS genes, the contribution of the NEP mutations to phenotypic changes remains to be assessed. This study demonstrates that NS1 is a multifunctional virulence factor subject to adaptive evolution