763 research outputs found
Kinetic framework of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature Cell Biology 15 (2013): 1370-1377, doi:10.1038/ncb2842.The mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays anaphase onset until all
chromosomes have attached to both spindle poles1, 2. Here, we investigated SAC
signaling kinetics in response to acute detachment of individual chromosomes using
laser microsurgery. Most detached chromosomes delayed anaphase until they had
realigned to the metaphase plate. A substantial fraction of cells, however, entered
anaphase in the presence of unaligned chromosomes. We identify two mechanisms by
which cells can bypass the SAC: First, single unattached chromosomes inhibit the
anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) less efficiently than a full complement
of unattached chromosomes. Second, because of the relatively slow kinetics of reimposing
APC/C inhibition during metaphase, cells were unresponsive to chromosome
detachment up to several minutes before anaphase onset. Our study defines when cells
irreversibly commit to enter anaphase and shows that the SAC signal strength
correlates with the number of unattached chromosomes. Detailed knowledge about SAC
signaling kinetics is important for understanding the emergence of aneuploidy and the
response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics targeting the mitotic spindle.Research in the Gerlich laboratory has received funding from the
European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant
agreements n° 241548 (MitoSys) and n° 258068 (Systems Microscopy), from an ERC
Starting Grant (agreement n° 281198), from the EMBO Young Investigator Programme, from
the Swiss National Science Foundation, from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)-funded
project “SFB Chromosome Dynamics”, and from a Summer Research Award of the Marine
Biology Laboratory Woods Hole (Laura and Arthur Colwin Endowed Summer Research
Fellowship Fund). A.E.D. is a fellow of the Zurich Ph.D. Program in Molecular Life Sciences
and has received funding from a PhD fellowship by the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds and
from a Peter MĂĽller fellowship.2014-04-0
CellH5: a format for data exchange in high-content screening
Summary: High-throughput microscopy data require a diversity of analytical approaches. However, the construction of workflows that use algorithms from different software packages is difficult owing to a lack of interoperability. To overcome this limitation, we present CellH5, an HDF5 data format for cell-based assays in high-throughput microscopy, which stores high-dimensional image data along with inter-object relations in graphs. CellH5Browser, an interactive gallery image browser, demonstrates the versatility and performance of the file format on live imaging data of dividing human cells. CellH5 provides new opportunities for integrated data analysis by multiple software platforms. Availability: Source code is freely available at www.github.com/cellh5 under the GPL license and at www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/rhdf5.html under the Artistic-2.0 license. Demo datasets and the CellH5Browser are available at www.cellh5.org. A Fiji importer for cellh5 will be released soon. Contact: [email protected] or [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics onlin
Electronic structure of the Magnesium hydride molecular ion
In this paper, using a standard quantum chemistry approach based on
pseudopotentials for atomic core representation, Gaussian basis sets, and
effective core polarization potentials, we investigate the electronic
properties of the MgH ion. We first determine potential energy curves for
several states using different basis sets and discuss their predicted accuracy
by comparing our values of the well depths and position with other available
results. We then calculate permanent and transition dipole moments for several
transitions. Finally for the first time, we calculate the static dipole
polarizability of MgH as function of the interatomic distance. This study
represents the first step towards the modeling of collisions between trapped
cold Mg ions and H molecules.Comment: submitted to J. Phys. B, special issue on Cold trapped ion
An ion ring in a linear multipole trap for optical frequency metrology
A ring crystal of ions trapped in a linear multipole trap is studied as a
basis for an optical frequency standard. The equilibrium conditions and cooling
possibilities are discussed through an analytical model and molecular dynamics
simulations. A configuration which reduces the frequency sensitivity to the
fluctuations of the number of trapped ions is proposed. The systematic shifts
for the electric quadrupole transition of calcium ions are evaluated for this
ring configuration. This study shows that a ring of 10 or 20 ions allows to
reach a short term stability better than for a single ion without introducing
limiting long term fluctuations
Radiofrequency multipole traps: Tools for spectroscopy and dynamics of cold molecular ions
Multipole radiofrequency ion traps are a highly versatile tool to study
molecular ions and their interactions in a well-controllable environment. In
particular the cryogenic 22-pole ion trap configuration is used to study
ion-molecule reactions and complex molecular spectroscopy at temperatures
between few Kelvin and room temperatures. This article presents a tutorial on
radiofrequency ion trapping in multipole electrode configurations. Stable
trapping conditions and buffer gas cooling, as well as important heating
mechanisms, are discussed. In addition, selected experimental studies on cation
and anion-molecule reactions and on spectroscopy of trapped ions are reviewed.
Starting from these studies an outlook on the future of multipole ion trap
research is given
Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics
The atmospheric greenhouse effect, an idea that many authors trace back to
the traditional works of Fourier (1824), Tyndall (1861), and Arrhenius (1896),
and which is still supported in global climatology, essentially describes a
fictitious mechanism, in which a planetary atmosphere acts as a heat pump
driven by an environment that is radiatively interacting with but radiatively
equilibrated to the atmospheric system. According to the second law of
thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist. Nevertheless, in
almost all texts of global climatology and in a widespread secondary literature
it is taken for granted that such mechanism is real and stands on a firm
scientific foundation. In this paper the popular conjecture is analyzed and the
underlying physical principles are clarified. By showing that (a) there are no
common physical laws between the warming phenomenon in glass houses and the
fictitious atmospheric greenhouse effects, (b) there are no calculations to
determine an average surface temperature of a planet, (c) the frequently
mentioned difference of 33 degrees Celsius is a meaningless number calculated
wrongly, (d) the formulas of cavity radiation are used inappropriately, (e) the
assumption of a radiative balance is unphysical, (f) thermal conductivity and
friction must not be set to zero, the atmospheric greenhouse conjecture is
falsified.Comment: 115 pages, 32 figures, 13 tables (some typos corrected
Blackbody-radiation-assisted molecular laser cooling
The translational motion of molecular ions can be effectively cooled
sympathetically to temperatures below 100 mK in ion traps through Coulomb
interactions with laser-cooled atomic ions. The distribution of internal
rovibrational states, however, gets in thermal equilibrium with the typically
much higher temperature of the environment within tens of seconds. We consider
a concept for rotational cooling of such internally hot, but translationally
cold heteronuclear diatomic molecular ions. The scheme relies on a combination
of optical pumping from a few specific rotational levels into a ``dark state''
with redistribution of rotational populations mediated by blackbody radiation.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Colloquium: Quantum interference of clusters and molecules
We review recent progress and future prospects of matter wave interferometry
with complex organic molecules and inorganic clusters. Three variants of a
near-field interference effect, based on diffraction by material
nanostructures, at optical phase gratings, and at ionizing laser fields are
considered. We discuss the theoretical concepts underlying these experiments
and the experimental challenges. This includes optimizing interferometer
designs as well as understanding the role of decoherence. The high sensitivity
of matter wave interference experiments to external perturbations is
demonstrated to be useful for accurately measuring internal properties of
delocalized nanoparticles. We conclude by investigating the prospects for
probing the quantum superposition principle in the limit of high particle mass
and complexity.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures; v2: corresponds to published versio
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