Tariffs and Trade in the Common Market

Detta kapitel behandlar beräkning av kapacitet, fördröjning, andel stopp och kölängd för: Cirkulationsplatser i 3- och 4-vägs korsningar med ett eller två cirkulerande körfält. Varierande antal cirkulerande körfält behandlasinte. Metoderna kan dock relativt enkelt utökas för att behandla cirkulationsplatser med fler än fyra ben. Metoden behandlar också överbelastning enligt metodik i Trafikverkets Effektkatalog Bygga om och Bygga nytt (version april 2014). Förutsättning för överbelastning är att överbelastningen varar en timme med trafikflöde 0 efter denna timme. Metoden är implementerad i Capcal 4.0, (se Capcal 4.0 Användarhandledning Trivector2013:87). För varje delavsnitt finns kommentarer på vänster sida och beräkningsstegen på högersida. Dokumentet bör således läsas och skrivas ut dubbelsidigt för bästa läsbarhet. Definitioner i form av allmänna termer och beteckningar är dokumenterade i kapitel 1 avsnitt 1.7. och litteraturreferenser i avsnitt 1.8.Metoder för kapacitetsanalys (METKAP

Comparison of two model frameworks for fiber dispersion in the elasticity of soft biological tissues

This study compares two models that are used to describe the elastic properties of fiber-reinforced materials with dispersed fibers, in particular some soft biological tissues such as arterial walls and cartilages. The two model approaches involve different constitutive frameworks, one being based on a generalized structure tensor (GST) and the other on the method of angular integration (AI). By using two representative examples, with the same number of parameters for each model, it is shown that the predictions of the two models are virtually identical for a significant range of large deformations, which contradicts conclusions contained in several papers that are based on faulty analysis. Additionally, each of the models is fitted to sets of uniaxial data from the circumferential and axial directions of the adventitia of a human aorta, both models providing excellent agreement with the data. While the predictions of the two models are comparable and exclusion of compressed fibers can be accommodated by either model, it is well known that the AI model requires more computational time than the GST model when used within a finite element environment, in particular if compressed fibers are excluded

Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration by Cultivation of Trees under Hyperarid Conditions using Desalinated Seawater (Sewage Water)

As growing economies – in particular in the Gulf region – use extreme and growing amounts of desalinated seawater for municipal purposes the use of produced waste waters is in the focus of science. The fixation of atmospheric carbon-dioxide by a safe cultivation of trees using this slightly salty water sources is of increased importance in times of ongoing climate change. Unfortunately, existing research relies on irrigation of trees in arid lands using ground water, any kind of precipitation, seasonal events like river flooding or a mix of them. To date no data support the biomass or tree production in total absence of natural precipitation and complete lack of ground water. In this study, seven timber and fuelwood tree species, namely, Eucalyptus occidentalis En., Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus gomphocephala DC., Eucalyptus grandis Hybr. Hill ex Maid, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst., Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge were tested for carbon sequestration and biomass-production. Above-soil and sub-soil parts were determined under two levels of drip-irrigation water supply: 25% and 50% of Evapotranspiration (ETo) over a period of two years and four months from planting to harvest. The trees were cultivated under hyper-arid climatic conditions using brackish irrigation water (3.5 dS m-1) on a research and development station in Arava, Israel. Purified waste water from a seawater desalination plant (reverse osmosis) was applied after municipal use. Eucalyptus gomphocephala DC. delivered the highest yields and had the highest water use efficiency, producing 70 t of Dry Matter (DM) /ha/a under the higher irrigation level. Compared with the other species, E. gomphocephala DC. showed a 32% to 65% superior performance . Whereas, lower amounts of saline irrigation water were favoured by E. camaldulensis and T. aphylla – both producing more than 50 t of DM/ha/a. Nevertheless, Tamarix, as a halophyte specialist plant, needed 30 % less water for this growth. Both Eucalyptus varieties mentioned before form a closed tree stand and reached a height of almost 10 m, two years after planting. Regardless of the particular use of the produced timber, about 15 – 25% of the trees’ total DM, approximately equal to the carbon-content, remains in the soil as long-term carbon-storage after harvesting the above ground biomass. Fast growing fuelwood tree species ensure a safe long-term biological fixation of carbon Irrigated with small amounts of saline waste water