The ring transformations of 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (2,2?-bioxirane) catalysed by various aluminosilicates

The transformations of a molecule containing two adjacent epoxide rings, 2,2′-bioxirane that is, were studied over various acidic aluminosilicates (HZSM-5, HY-FAU, AlMCM-41), for the first time, In the 373–473 K temperature range, in a pulse reactor, a ring-opening–ring-enlargment reaction producing furan only occured over the zeolites and it was the predominant reaction on AlMCM-41 as well. The driving force of this transformation route is water formation via elimination from 2,2′-bioxirane. Suprising is the lack of the mono- or dialdehyde, the would-be products of the cleavage of the sterically more hindered C–O bonds – an acid-catalysed reaction typical for alkyl-substituted oxiranes

Potencial alelopático de espécies nativas na germinação e crescimento inicial de Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) Allelopathic potential of native species in Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) germination and initial growth

A alelopatia caracteriza-se pelos efeitos danosos ou benéficos sobre o desenvolvimento da vegetação, causados por substâncias químicas produzidas e liberadas para o ambiente por uma planta. Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial alelopático de espécies brasileiras, foram testados extratos foliares de Cecropia pachystachya Trec. (Urticaceae), Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. (Fabaceae), Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl (Rubiaceae), Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax (Euphorbiaceae) e Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) Burg., Lanj. & Boer (Moraceae), utilizando-se bioensaios de germinação e crescimento e alface (Lactuca sativa L.) como planta alvo. Nesses bioensaios, foram usados extratos foliares aquosos nas concentrações de 2 e 4%, preparados por maceração estática com água fria e quente. Os extratos das cinco espécies causaram atraso na germinação dos aquênios da alface, bem como efeitos tóxicos no crescimento das plântulas, com redução e enfraquecimento das raízes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença de substâncias químicas inibidoras nos extratos, revelando potencial alelopático para as cinco espécies avaliadas.<br>Allelopathy is characterized by harmful or beneficial effects on vegetation development, caused by chemical substances produced and released into the environment by the plant. Aiming to assess the allelopathic potential of Brazilian species, aqueous leaf extracts of Cecropia pachystachya Trec. (Urticaceae), Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. (Fabaceae), Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl (Rubiaceae), Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax (Euphorbiaceae), and Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) Burger, Lanj. & Boer (Moraceae) were tested on lettuce using germination and growth bioassays. In these bioassays, aqueous leaf extracts were used at concentrations of 2 and 4%, prepared by static maceration with cold and hot water. The five species extracts delayed lettuce germination and produced toxic effects on seedling growth, with root reduction and debility. The results point to the presence of inhibitorychemical substances in the extracts, indicating an allelopathic potential for the five species evaluated