SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF CLOPIDOGREL BISULFATE BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE USING CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE SODIUM AND XANTHAN GUM

Solid dispersions formulated to improve solubility & dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug clopidogrel bisulfate. Physical mixtures & solid dispersions of clopidogrel bisulfate were prepared with carboxymethylcellulose sodium and xanthan gum in the weight ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 using kneading method. The prepared solid dispersions were characterized by solubility determination, drug content, In Vitro dissolution and accelerated stability studies. The results revealed that solid dispersions shown improvement in solubility and dissolution characteristics than the physical mixtures and pure drug. The reasons for increase in solubility and dissolution rate is decrease in particle size, increased surface area, amorphous state of the drug in solid dispersions, absence of aggregation and increased wetting of drug molecules. It was also observed that solid dispersions of drug with both carriers showed increased dissolution rate in the ratio of 1:5 (Drug: Carrier) in comparison to pure drug and found to be stable during stability studies

A High Pressure Operando Spectroscopy Examination of Bimetal Interactions in ‘Metal Efficient’ Palladium/In2O3/Al2O3 Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol has the potential to serve as a sustainable route to a wide variety of hydrocarbons, fuels and plastics in the quest for net zero. Synergistic Pd/In2O3 (Palldium on Indium Oxide) catalysts show high CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity, enhancing methanol yield. The identity of the optimal active site for this reaction is unclear, either as a Pd−In alloy, proximate metals, or distinct sites. In this work, we demonstrate that metal-efficient Pd/In2O3 species dispersed on Al2O3 can match the performance of pure Pd/In2O3 systems. Further, we follow the evolution of both Pd and In sites, and surface species, under operando reaction conditions using X-ray Absorption Spectroscpy (XAS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In doing so, we can determine both the nature of the active sites and the influence on the catalytic mechanism

A high pressure operando spectroscopy examination of bimetal interactions in ‘Metal Efficient’ palladium/In 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol has the potential to serve as a sustainable route to a wide variety of hydrocarbons, fuels and plastics in the quest for net zero. Synergistic Pd/In2O3 (Palldium on Indium Oxide) catalysts show high CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity, enhancing methanol yield. The identity of the optimal active site for this reaction is unclear, either as a Pd−In alloy, proximate metals, or distinct sites. In this work, we demonstrate that metal‐efficient Pd/In2O3 species dispersed on Al2O3 can match the performance of pure Pd/In2O3 systems. Further, we follow the evolution of both Pd and In sites, and surface species, under operando reaction conditions using X‐ray Absorption Spectroscpy (XAS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In doing so, we can determine both the nature of the active sites and the influence on the catalytic mechanism

Formulation and Evaluation of Norfloxacin Ocular In-situ Gel

The study aims to prepare and evaluate the in situ Norfloxacin gel for the treatment of Conjunctivitis. The pronounced fluctuations and repeated administration of conventional eye drops are the main disadvantages of ophthalmic drug delivery. The ocular in situ gelling system is designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by improving residence time at the application site. Infrared spectroscopy studies of Norfloxacin, Sodium alginate, Gellan gum, and HPMC K4M alone and their physical mixture revealed that Norfloxacin is compatible with all the polymers used. The Ophthalmic in situ gelling system of Norfloxacin was successfully formulated using different gelling agents viz. Sodium alginate, Gellan gum, and HPMC K4M are viscosity-enhancing agents. Prepared in situ gels were subjected to evaluation such as visual appearance, pH, and drug content. All formulations were found transparent and clear, the pH of the formulations was between 7.1 to 7.4, and drug content was found within 95-98% in all in situ gelling systems. All the formulations showed instantaneous gelation when contacted with simulated tear fluid. The viscosity of all formulations decreased as the shear rate increased, indicating the pseudoplastic fluid's character. In vitro release of Norfloxacin from the prepared formulations was studied for 6 hours. Results reveal that all formulations exhibited sustained release of the drug from the gelrite polymeric network over 6 hrs. The stability studies confirmed that in situ gelling formulations of Norfloxacin remained more stable at ambient temperature and humidity. The present work was a satisfactory preliminary study in developing in situ gelling systems of Norfloxacin. Keywords: Conjunctivitis, Norfloxacin, in situ gel, Sodium alginate, sustained release.&nbsp

XAFS & IR data from publication entitled: A High Pressure Operando Spectroscopy Examination of Bimetal Interactions in ‘Metal Efficient’ Palladium/In2O3/Al2O3 Catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation

.xlsx spreadsheets with ascii data recorded during reduction and reaction.  X-ray absorption spectroscopy was performed at Diamond Light Source, UK, at B18, through proposal SP30647 (August 2022) for the Pd/Al2O3, Pd/TiO2 and Pd/In2O3/Al2O3 species. Data was collected at the Pd and In K-edges in transmission mode using a QEXAFS setup with fast scanning Si(311) crystal monochromators. The time resolution here was roughly 90 seconds per spectrum. Samples were packed into an in-house custom-made capillary system designed and constructed by Diamond Light Source. 50 mg of 200-300 μm catalyst particles were packed between 3 cm of quartz wool. DRIFTS measurements were performed on a Bruker VERTEX 80 system, with a custom-built high-pressure dome, capable of holding 25 bar of pressure within a high pressure chamber DiffusIRTM PIKE Technologies accessory. Argon and a 25% CO2/75% H2 mixture gas were delivered through high pressure EL-FLOW® Bronkhorst mass-flow controllers, into an in-house custom-made gas manifold. 30 mg of sample was used for the measurements. Initially, the sample was reduced in 25 mL/min of 25% H2 and 75 % Ar. The system was heated to 300 °C at a ramp rate of 5 °C/min and held for 1 hour. The samples were then cooled to 30 °C and either pressurised to 20 bar with 30 mL/min of 75% H2 and 25 % CO2 for the 20 bar measurements or kept at atmospheric pressure for the 1 bar measurements. Once the intended final pressure was reached, the system was heated at 10 °C/min, while holding at 50, 100, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300 °C for 30 minutes for spectra to be collected. Mass-spectrometry data was collected throughout to observe the evolution of different species, using a Pfeiffer OmniStar.  </p

Humour – Cartoon Competition 2012

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A High Pressure <i>Operando </i>Spectroscopy Examination of Bimetal Interactions in ‘Metal Efficient’ Palladium/In₂O₃/Al₂O₃ Catalysts for CO₂ Hydrogenation

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol has the potential to serve as a sustainable route to a wide variety of hydrocarbons, fuels and plastics in the quest for net zero. Synergistic Pd/In2O3 (Palldium on Indium Oxide) catalysts show high CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity, enhancing methanol yield. The identity of the optimal active site for this reaction is unclear, either as a Pd−In alloy, proximate metals, or distinct sites. In this work, we demonstrate that metal-efficient Pd/In2O3 species dispersed on Al2O3 can match the performance of pure Pd/In2O3 systems. Further, we follow the evolution of both Pd and In sites, and surface species, under operando reaction conditions using X-ray Absorption Spectroscpy (XAS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In doing so, we can determine both the nature of the active sites and the influence on the catalytic mechanism.</p

Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance in India, 2016–21: Analysis of five years surveillance data

Background: In India, facility-based surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was initiated in 2016 to estimate the burden and monitor the progress made in rubella control. We analyzed the surveillance data for 2016–2021 from 14 sentinel sites to describe the epidemiology of CRS. Method: We analyzed the surveillance data to describe the distribution of suspected and laboratory confirmed CRS patients by time, place and person characteristics. We compared clinical signs of laboratory confirmed CRS and discarded case-patients to find independent predictors of CRS using logistic regression analysis and developed a risk prediction model. Results: During 2016–21, surveillance sites enrolled 3940 suspected CRS case-patients (Age 3.5 months, SD: 3.5). About one-fifth (n = 813, 20.6%) were enrolled during newborn examination. Of the suspected CRS patients, 493 (12.5%) had laboratory evidence of rubella infection. The proportion of laboratory confirmed CRS cases declined from 26% in 2017 to 8.7% in 2021. Laboratory confirmed patients had higher odds of having hearing impairment (Odds ratio [OR] = 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6–16.2), cataract (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 5.4–11.2), pigmentary retinopathy (OR = 6.7, 95 CI: 3.3–13.6), structural heart defect with hearing impairment (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.2–12.2) and glaucoma (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2–8.1). Nomogram, along with a web version, was developed. Conclusions: Rubella continues to be a significant public health issue in India. The declining trend of test positivity among suspected CRS case-patients needs to be monitored through continued surveillance in these sentinel sites