SYSTEMATIZATION OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON EXERCISES ON THE HIGH BAR

The research was conducted with the aim to classify and systematize all the available studies that deal with exercises on the high bar. This research covered a total of 41 papers, spanning a period from 1990 to 2013. In terms of Code of points it includes as many as 144 elements that are performed and which should be performed at competitions. Of this number, only 18 elements were investigated (based on the collected papers), or 12.5%. This points to the fact that the research on exercises on the high bar, although conducted for a long period of time, is still in the beginning stages. Research of first (long hang swings and turns) and fifth (dismounts) specific requirements dominates. To a smaller extent, research on second (flight elements) specific requirements is represented, and the least attention is devoted to third and fourth requirements.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES OF EXERCISES ON PARALLEL BARS

Abstract. Parallel bars is one of the six apparatus of men's artistic gymnastics all- around, based on the great variety of elements performed on this apparatus, as well as of the performing styles and ways of their training. The aim of this paper is to analyze previous studies on parallel bars exercises, and the systematization of research papers related to parallel bars exercises. In code of points (COP) for judging, as many as 168 elements are shown (FIG, 2015) which are performed and which must be performed at competitions on parallel bars. In previous studies there are only 22 elements (13.5%) and they were mainly related to the analysis of the performance techniques of the above mentioned elements. There are no studies dealing with the methodical process of achieving the ideal execution of an element. This only points to the fact that the studies on parallel bars exercises, although conducted over a long period of time, are still in their infancy. Considering the great perspective of elements and the possibility of their upgrade, it is necessary to start with the stuides of elements which are performed through support on the upper arms.Key words: artistic gymnastics, parallel bars, systematization

Design of Pt-Sn-Zn Nanomaterials for Successful Methanol Electrooxidation Reaction

This work highlights the potential for the synthesis of new PtSnZn catalysts with enhanced efficiency and durability for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in low-temperature fuel cells. In this research, PtZn and PtSnZn nanoparticles deposited on high surface area Vulcan XC-72R Carbon support were created by a microwave-assisted polyol method. The electrochemical performances of synthesized catalysts were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and by the electrooxidation of adsorbed CO and the chronoamperometric method. The physicochemical properties of obtained catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained findings showed the successful synthesis of platinum-based catalysts. It was established that PtSnZn/C and PtZn/C catalysts have high electrocatalytic performance in methanol oxidation reactions. Catalysts stability tests were obtained by chronoamperometry. Stability tests also confirmed decreased poisoning and indicated improved stability and better tolerance to CO-like intermediate species. According to activity and stability measurements, the PtSnZn/C catalyst possesses the best electrochemical properties for the methanol oxidation reaction. The observed great electrocatalytic activity in the methanol oxidation reaction of synthesized catalysts can be attributed to the beneficial effects of microwave synthesis and the well-balanced addition of alloying metals in PtSnZn/C catalysts

Uticaj sadržaja Zn na aktivnost PtZn katalizatora u reakciji elektrooksidacije metanola

This work highlights a simple and efficient approach for the development of PtZn catalyst materials with tunable content of Zn. Nanoparticles of PtZn deposited on high surface area carbon Vulcan XC-72R material were synthesized by microwave-assisted polyol method, giving control over the size and dispersion of nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammetry and electrooxidation of adsorbed CO were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of synthesized catalysts: PtZn/C (90:10); PtZn/C (85:15) and PtZn/C (75:25). It was found that PtZn/C catalysts have high electrocatalytic performance in methanol oxidation reactions. In comparison to the corresponding catalyst with the different Zn loading, it was concluded that PtZn (90:10)/C catalyst had better activity compared to PtZn/C (85:15) and PtZn/C (75:25) catalysts. The observed high catalytic activity in the methanol oxidation reaction of synthesized catalysts can be ascribed to the very efficient microwave synthesis and well-balanced content of Zn as alloying metal.Ovaj rad predstavlja jednostavan i efikasan pristup za razvoj PtZn katalizatora sa različitim sadržajem Zn. Nanočestice PtZn istaložene na ugljeničnom materijalu Vulcan XC-72R velike površine, sintetisane su poliol metodom pomoću mikrotalasne pećnice, dajući kontrolu nad veličinom i disperzijom nanočestica. Za ispitivanje elektrohemijskog ponašanja sintetisanih katalizatora PtZn/C (90:10); PtZn/C (85:15) i PtZn/C (75:25) korišćeni su ciklična voltametrija i elektrooksidacija adsorbovanog CO. Utvrđeno je da PtZn/C katalizatori imaju visoke elektrokatalitičke performanse u reakcijama oksidacije metanola. Poređenjem katalizatora sa različitim sadržajem Zn, zaključeno je da PtZn/C (90:10) katalizator ima bolju aktivnost u odnosu na PtZn (85:15) i PtZn (75:25) katalizatore. Uočena visoka katalitička aktivnost sintetisanih katalizatora u reakciji oksidacije metanola može se pripisati veoma efikasnoj mikrotalasnoj sintezi i dobro izbalansiranom dodavanju Zn kao legirajućeg metala sa različitim sadržajem u PtZn/C katalizatorima

Civil gymnastics associations and sports in the Kingdom of Serbia

The aim of this study was to enable insight and systemization of data relevant for the appearance of sports in the Kingdom of Serbia through reviews of adequate monographs and series of publications. Primary assumption was founded on the expectation to determine a direct link between gymnastics and the falcon system of exercising with sports that was rising. The historic method has been used for the research. Work results indicate a significant role of civil gymnastics associations - falcons (the falcon) and knight (Dusan the Mighty) as a phenomenon in popularization and development of modern sports at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in Serbia. All these associations, no matter what their name was, had intentions to maintain their existing and attract new membership, and they foresaw with their rules and statutes acceptance and the introduction of other sports activities and forming of clubs, apart from gymnastics which was the skeleton of exercising curriculum. Newly founded gymnastics - sports departments in fighting, marksmanship, skating, riding, swimming, rowing, velocipede, football developed and grew into sports clubs. Their separation from core gymnastics associations enabled faster development of individual sports branches, which stood for the first modern sports in Serbia

The falcon movement in Smederevo until the beginning of the Second World War (1912-1941)

Basic ideas and characteristics of fundamental falconry are disseminated also in the Kingdom of Serbia, ideas of fellowship, releasing of Germanization influence and strengthening of national and cultural conscience. Gymnastics associations accepted the idea of overall Slavic falconry exercising, and added to their names title 'Falcon', as in Czech Falcons, and introduced Czech 'Falcon' exercising system, instead of German one. Also Smederevo Gymnastics and Combat Association in the course of time chose the falcon exercising system. The aim of this research was to find, systemize and critically analyze data about the falconry in Smederevo, about the falcon association 'Dusan Silni' (Dusan the Mighty), which as a successor continued the activities of the previous association - Smederevo Gymnastics and Combat Association. The basic assumption was founded on the expectation that data from the archive, periodical sources and ex falcon legacy would provide a satisfying base for reconstruction of Falcon Association history, i.e. appearance and development of the Falconry in Smederevo. During the research historic, causal and descriptive methods were used. Research results for the reference period, show that despite complex political, social, economic and cultural situation in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Falcon Association of Smederevo played a significant role in spreading and development of the falcon movement and promotion of Yugoslav national thought. Large number of data showed that activities of this falcon organization were extremely versatile. Well organized training programs, numerous participation in falcon rallies and competitions, as well as health, educational, cultural and other forms of acting of the Association, had great influence on social and cultural transformation of the town of Smederevo as well as of the nearby villages and rural population, for which falcon foremen took most credit

Veljavnost padca vznak kot preizkusa drznosti

Synonyms for the word boldness include courage, fearlessness, heroism and bravery. The best examples of courage in sport are athletes who, despite difficult situations, conditions and strong competition, perform very risky elements, break records, etc. The "Fall back" measurement instrument has been used in the selection process for artistic gymnastics. Bearing in mind that this test requires a drop back down an inclined plane, it requires a degree of courage in the realization of this motor task. The aim of this research is to determine the validity of the "fall back" test and to answer the question: Is the "Fall back" test actually a measure of courage among beginners in the sport? In this study, the research sample consisted of 16 boys and 33 girls, third graders from the Jovan Cvijic elementary school in Kostolac, aged nine years (+/- 6 months). The sample of variables represented the results written using two measurement instruments: 1. Psychological survey -test of boldness and courage - PSBC (a test modeled after the - Erikson`s theory of Psyhosocial Development test - About.com Psyhology)2. Situational motor measuring instrument - Fall back - MFIB. The resulting measurements were analyzed by the appropriate statistical methods, which are congruent with the set objective and task ofthe study. The validity of the "Fall back" situational-motor test is determined by calculating the coefficient of correlation (r) between said composite test and a psychological test of courage. The very high coefficients of correlation that resulted in all three cases (total sample r = .846, sample of boys r = .873, a sample of girls r = .845) indicate a high validity level for the test, "Fall back", that is, the subject of measurement in the test, largely corresponds with the subject of measurement in the PSBC psychological test. The height of the correlation coefficient also justifies the use of the "Fall back" test as a composite test. A high validity of the "Fall back" measurement instrument (MFIB), which is indicated by the high Pearson coefficients of correlation between the"Fall back" measurement instruments and the psychological test of courage and boldness, was established for all three samples of respondents.Med sinonimi za besedo drznost so pogum, neustrašenost, korajža, junaštvo, herojstvo. Najboljši primer poguma v športu so športniki, ki kljub težki situaciji, pogojem in močni konkurenci izvedejo zelo tvegane elemente, rušijo rekorde itd. Merski instrument padca vznak se uporablja v procesu selekcije v orodni gimnastiki. Ob zavedanju, da ta tehnika preizkušanja zahtev padec vznak na nagnjeni ravnini, je za izvedbo te gibalne naloge potrebna določena mera poguma. Namen te raziskave je ugotoviti veljavnost testa s "padcem vznak" in odgovoriti na vprašanje: Je preizkus s padcem vznak dejansko merilo poguma med začetniki v športu? V tej študiji je vzorec predstavljalo 16 dečkov in 33 deklic, devet let (+/- 6 mesecev) starih tretješolcev iz Osnovne šole Jovan Cvijić v Kostolcu. Vzorec spremenljivk so predstavljali rezultati zapisani ob uporabi dveh merskih instrumentov: 1. psihološki pregledni test drznosti in poguma - PSBC (test modeliran po Eriksonovi teoriji psihosocialnega razvojnega testa - About.com Psyhology) in 2. Situacijski gibalni merski instrument - padec vznak MFIB. Izmerjeni rezultati so bili analizirani z ustreznimi statističnimi metodami, ki so skladne z zastavljenimi cilji in nalogami študije. Veljavnost situacijskega gibalnega preizkusa s padcem vznak je opredeljena z izračunom koeficienta korelacije (r) med omenjenim kompozitnim testom in psihološkim preizkusom poguma. Zelo visoki korelacijski koeficienti, ki so bili rezultat v vseh treh primerih (celoten vzorec r = 0,846, vzorec dečkov r = 0,873, vzorec deklic r = 0,845) kažejo visoko veljavnost preizkusa s padcem vznak, t.j. predmet merjenja na preizkusu je v glavnem skladen s predmetom merjenja na PSBC psihološkem testu. Višina korelacijskega koeficienta tudi upravičuje uporabo preizkusa s padcem vznak kot kompozitnega testa. Za vse tri vzorce respondentov je bila ugotovljena visoka veljavnost merskega instrumenta s padcem vznak (MFIB), ki jo kaže Pearsonov koeficient korelacije med merskim instrumentom s padcem vznak ter psihološkim testom poguma in drznosti

Falcons' patriotism: 'One state, one nation, falconry'

This work shows the results of the research which goal was to find, systemize and critically overview the information on a patriotic role of the falcon's organization and its members, having in mind reflex of all social-historical events in the period from the birth of falcons till the end of the Second World War. Social, economic, cultural, and in the first place political situations significantly influenced the character of falcons' organizational influence. In the stormy past falcon shared destiny if its state and nation and therefore this body-exercising organization grew in time into falcons' organization. Falcon's goal besides body exercising was aiming higher goals: moral and cultural revival, national freedom, nation's unity. With enlightening of falcon membership a strong and versatile person with the sense for national affiliation, freedom and social equality was developed. Falcons' democracy, patriotism, philanthropy, belief in ideals, contributed to falcons' reputation in population, which significantly influenced accomplishment of one of the main goals of the falcon movement - forming of the united country and accomplishment of higher range in military, economical, social and cultural plan. Research results point out that during the First World War a falcon was a supporting unity of nations into one state. Therefore falcons were convicted to prison, persecution and internment, execution and hanging at 'high treason' court processes. Patriotic spirit and strong national as well as Yugoslav sense followed falcons later on in an uncompromising battle with separatist and pro - fascist power during more frequent strokes on state's integrity. In the first days of occupation, falconry represented a cohesion and mobilization factor in people. At the beginning of the 1940 falconry counted 350.000 members, which was considered 'the second echelon' of defense of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Addendum to the study of gymnastics and combat association foundation in the Kingdom of Serbia

This work shows the results of research whose goal was to consider particulars on the start and chronology of gymnastics and combat civil association foundation in the Kingdom of Serbia in a critical manner. That was possible thanks to the fact that one unpublished document in the legacy of Jovan Vanja Petrovic was found in the Museum of Physical Culture within Faculty of Sports and Physical Education in Belgrade. The contents of a few found letters created one new perspective on the former knowledge about the first attempts of sports initiation in Serbia, outside Belgrade