Protection of stored plant products from rodent pests using chlorophacinone

Apart from some preventive measures, advisably taken during construction of storage facilities or at the time of product storage, treatments with chemical rodenticides have been the most widely practiced method of controlling commensal rodents. Their control in storages is normally carried out after animal presence has been observed, and treatments from early autumn onwards, throughout the season, provide the best effect. The paper shows the effects of baits with lower content of the active ingredient chlorophacinone than recommended for protecting stored plant products from rodents. The experiments were set up using the relevant OEPP/EPPO method. Different contents (0.005% and 0.0075%) of the active ingredient chlorophacinone were used in a ready for use (RB) paste bait formulation. Baits were laid in boxes along rodent routes, underneath pallets with sacks and in places where major damage was observed. Baits for house mice were placed at a rate of 10-20 g per 1-3 m, while 30-50 g of baits for brown rats were laid at specific points. Daily bait intake was monitored over a period of 10 d and the portions were replaced with new ones as needed. Placebo baits were laid in identical boxes for 4 d before the experiment began. The abundance of house mice was estimated based on the highest and lowest daily intake of bait divided by the species’ daily food requirement. The data in this experiment show that 0.005% and 0.0075% chorophacinone contents in RB baits changed neither palatability nor bait efficacy in controlling house mouse and brown rat indoors. The average efficacy of chorophacinone was 87-93% against house mouse and 90-100% against brown rat. Keywords: Chlorophacinone, Rodent, Storage, Efficac

The possibility of use of some essential oils in rodenticidal baits

Jokić, G., Vukša, M., Đedović, S., Stojnić, B., Kataranovski, D

Prilog poznavanju suzbijanja sivog pacova (Rattus norvegicus) na farmi mlečnih krava

Rattus norvegicus is a synanthropic species living almost exclusively around facilities for keeping domestic animals. This three-year research focused on options for reducing economic damage caused by this rodent species in stables for heavy milking cows by testing preparations with active substances of various origin. It involved an environmentally friendly product based on sodium selenite 0.1%, a cholecalciferol-based natural product 0.75%, as well as anticoagulant rodenticides containing the active substances bromadiolone 0.005% and brodifacoum 0.005%. These preparations were formulated as granules, plate bait or grain bait. The environmentally friendly sodium selenite product achieved 76.2% efficacy in the first year of research, 70% in the second, and 67.5% in the third. The synthetic products based on bromadiolone and brodifacoum demonstrated high efficacy in all of the three experimental years and in all three formulations. The cholecalciferol rodenticide had 71.4% efficacy in the first year, 68% in the second, and 67.7% in the third. The data show that the environmentally safe product had a lower efficacy due to high rodent abundance and inadequate epidemiological conditions existing on the farm of heavy milking cows, while the bromadiolone and brodifacoum-based products achieved high efficacy.Rattus norvegicus gotovo uvek živi u objektima namenjenim za gajenje domaćih životinja i kao sinanotropna vrsta prisutan je u čovekovoj najbližoj okolini. Predmet naših trogodišnjih istraživanja je alternativa smanjenja ekonomskih šteta koju pričinjava ovaj glodar u stajama farmi visoko-mlečnih krava, primenom preparata na bazi aktivnih materija različitog porekla. U eksperimentima je korišćen ekološko prihvatljivi preparat na bazi natrijum-selenita (0,1%), preparat prirodnog porekla na bazi holekalciferola (0,75%) i antikoagulantni rodenticidi na bazi bromadiolona (0,005%) i brodifakuma (0,005%). Primenjeni preparati su formulisani u obliku granula, obloženog i zrnastog mamka. Ekološko prihvatljivi preparat na bazi natrijum-selenita je ispoljio efikasnost od 76,2% u prvoj godini istraživanja, u drugoj 70% i u trećoj godini 67,5%. Sintetisani preparati na bazi bromadiolona i brodifakuma pokazali su visoku efikasnost u sve tri godine ispitivanja za sve tri navedene formulacije. Rodenticid na bazi holekalciferola je ispoljio efikasnost od 71,4% u prvoj godini, u drugoj 68% i u trećoj 67,7 %. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je zbog velike brojnosti glodara i neadekvatnih epidemioloških uslova na farmi visoko-mlečnih krava ispoljena slabija efikasnost ekološko prihvatljivog preparata dok su preparati na bazi bromadiolona i brodifakuma ispoljili visoku efikasnost

The main indicators of biosecurity and presence of house mouse (Mus musculus L.) in animal husbandry facilities

Analysis of biosecurity indicators at critical control points intend to prevent undesirable infections in technological chains of production. Product quality is the basis for defining a biosecurity plan under the HACCP concept. General and specific biosecurity measures developed to prevent introductions of infective materials have been at the focus of attention in Serbia in recent years. The house mouse (Mus musculus L.) is usually accused for transferring pathogens into objects. The possibility of internal infections can be reduced by removing food sources and discovering their hiding places. The adaptability of Mus musculus to various conditions has affected the search for alternatives of their control. The objective of our research was to analyze the most important indicators of biosecurity and presence of Mus musculus, the 'cause-andconsequence' characteristics and mice control by environmentally safe substances in facilities with different technological processes. Method of questionnaire was used to define written biosecurity plan, isolation of objects, control of movement and for traffic visitors. Hygiene evaluation, i.e. mechanized cleaning, sanitary washing, facility disinfection, ventilation and facility sanitation, was performed visually. The biosecurity and wellbeing of animals were evaluated by the parameters: animal hygienic conditions of rearing, forage stocks, animal biosecurity and removal of animal carcasses. Longworth traps were used for mice trapping and determination of critical control points. The efficacy of sodium selenite was found in our study to range from 71.4% to 88.8% and it provided a good alternative for Mus musculus control in different production units because it does not interfere with technological production processes within facilities or cause animal resistance. Biosecurity measures need to be implemented using clear instructions in order to reduce biorisks and increase product safety

IPM STRATEGY FOR RODENT CONTROL IN STORAGE FACILITIES**

Abstract: The fundamental idea of IPM is to put nature’s own regulatory mechanisms to maximum use in order to prevent damage, which is in the best interest of manufacturers, society at large and the environment. However, Haines (2000) assessed stored products IPM still insufficiently developed at the end of the 20th century. Support to IPM development in stored agricultural products is the use of natural compounds to control rodent pests. One of such compounds is cellulose, whose mode of action differs from the modes of other rodenticide active ingredients. As resistance to I and II generation anticoagulant rodenticides has been reported worldwide, we have introduced for the first time anywhere in the world a rodenticide based on Se (0.1 % sodium selenite) with a mode of action based on the replacement of SH groups of functional enzymes with S-S groups. We also tested products based on vitamin D3 with a known mechanism of action. The new Se-based products achieved good efficacy against rat (91.10 % and 87.50 %) and mouse (97.60 % and 98.40%), and cellulose-based product against mouse (91.66%), compared to products based on vitamin D3 in rat (90.00 % and 90.30%) and mouse control (98.60 % and 98.2%), bromadiolone in rat (93.80 % and 90.7%) and mouse control (92.86 % and 91.9%) and brodifacoum in mouse control (97.06%). The products based on Se, vitamine D3 and cellulose have good toxicological and ecological properties and the fact that there have been no known cases of resistance make them recommendable for use against rodents in storage facilities. Key words: cellulose; selenium; storage facilities; biological efficac

Edge element calculation of radar cross section of small maritime targets with respect to height of radar antenna

From the aspect of navigational safety and collision avoidance it is very important to be able to detect small maritime targets such as buoys and small boats. Ship's radar is supposed to detect these types of targets, however the ability of radar to detect such targets depends on several factors. The most important factors affecting the detection probability of small maritime targets are height of the antenna installation on the ship and radar cross section of the target. The methods of computation radar cross section are diverse and complicated, however, in this paper we apply our previously published numerical method for the RCS computation which had proven to be very accurate. Physically to find RCS of the target one has to find the solution of electromagnetic scattering problem. The numerical method relies on the combination of finite edge volume elements and finite edge boundary elements to obtain the solution of Maxwell equations. The radiation pattern of ships radar antenna is the source of excitation for the numerical method. At the end of the paper the RCS of small maritime targets as the function of antenna height is shown. These results can be used as a parameter in radar design, as well as the guideline for the height of installation of the ship's radar antenna above the sea

Research study and the model for improving the safety of navigation when using the AIS

The use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) devices for ensuring the safety of navigation and the errors occurring when using AIS equipment have been the focus of a number of research studies. The users of AIS equipment installed onboard sea-going vessels are required to familiar with the proper use of the devices and potential errors that may occur. A significant problem revealed in this study is the lack of understanding of potential error sources and the necessity to eliminate such errors prior to transmission of the AIS data message reading of the errors and failure to update the data processed by the AIS system. This results in a hypothesis on the insufficient training of seafarers and their familiarisation with the AIS devices and errors. This research is aimed at increasing the safety of navigation in the Adriatic Sea, as well as other seas, i.e. better accident prevention and protection of human life and material property at sea. The results produced by the research are used as an input for creating a model for enhancing the safety of navigation when using the AIS, through additional training of the seafarers

Najznačajniji indikatori biosigurnosti i prisustva domaćeg miša (Mus musculus L.) u objektima stočarske proizvodnje

Analysis of biosecurity indicators at critical control points intend to prevent undesirable infections in technological chains of production. Product quality is the basis for defining a biosecurity plan under the HACCP concept. General and specific biosecurity measures developed to prevent introductions of infective materials have been at the focus of attention in Serbia in recent years. The house mouse (Mus musculus L.) is usually accused for transferring pathogens into objects. The possibility of internal infections can be reduced by removing food sources and discovering their hiding places. The adaptability of Mus musculus to various conditions has affected the search for alternatives of their control. The objective of our research was to analyze the most important indicators of biosecurity and presence of Mus musculus, the 'cause-andconsequence' characteristics and mice control by environmentally safe substances in facilities with different technological processes. Method of questionnaire was used to define written biosecurity plan, isolation of objects, control of movement and for traffic visitors. Hygiene evaluation, i.e. mechanized cleaning, sanitary washing, facility disinfection, ventilation and facility sanitation, was performed visually. The biosecurity and wellbeing of animals were evaluated by the parameters: animal hygienic conditions of rearing, forage stocks, animal biosecurity and removal of animal carcasses. Longworth traps were used for mice trapping and determination of critical control points. The efficacy of sodium selenite was found in our study to range from 71.4% to 88.8% and it provided a good alternative for Mus musculus control in different production units because it does not interfere with technological production processes within facilities or cause animal resistance. Biosecurity measures need to be implemented using clear instructions in order to reduce biorisks and increase product safety.Analiza indikatora biosigurnosti na kritičnim kontrolnim tačkama je namenjena sprečavanju neželjenih infekcija u tehnološkom lancu proizvodnje. Kvalitet proizvoda je osnov definisanja plana biosigurnosti po HACCP konceptu. Opšte i posebne mere biosigurnosti kojim se sprečava unošenje infektivnog materijala su teme prezentacija poslednjih godina u našoj zemlji. Za prenosioce patogena u objekte često se smatra domaći miš (Mus musculus L.). Uklanjanjem izvora hrane i otkrivanjem skloništa smanjiće se mogućnost infekcija unutar objekta. Sposobnost prilagođavanja različitim uslovima uticala je na pronalaženje alternativa kontrole Mus musculus. Cilj naših istraživanja su analize najznačajnijih indikatora biosigurnosti i prisustva Mus musculus, uzročno-posledične karakteristike i kontrola ekološkim materijama u objektima različitih tehnoloških procesa proizvodnje. Postavke pisanog plana biosigurnosti, izolacija, kontrola kretanja i promet posetioca utvrđivana je metodom upitnika. Ocene higijenskih uslova: mehaničko čišćenje, sanitarno pranje, dezinfekcija objekta, ventilacija i sanitacija objekta prikazane su vizuelnom metodom. Metodama biosigurnosti i dobrobiti životinja ocenjeni su parametri: higijenski uslovi odgoja životinja, zaliha hrane za životinje, biosigurnost životinja, uklanjanje uginulih leševa.Izlovljavanje jedinki Mus musculus i utvrđivanje kritičnih kontrolnih tačaka vršeno je klopkama tipa Longworth. . Istraživanjima smo utvrdili da je efikasnost preparata na bazi natrijum selenita od 70,6% do 100% i da je dobra alternativa u kontroli Mus musculus u objektima različitih proizvodnih jedinica, jer ne ostavlja posledice na tehnološke procese proizvodnje i pojavu rezistentnosti. Potrebno je sprovoditi biosigurnosne mere po jasno definisanim uputstvima kako bi se smanjio biorizik i povećala bezbednost proizvoda

Baseline Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Raspberry to a Novel Fungicide Fluopyram

The present study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity to fluopyram of B. cinerea isolates from wild type population derived from raspberry. The initial isolation was done from infected raspberry fruits originating from a field which had never been treated with any pesticides. Twenty six B. cinerea single spore isolates were obtained and identified based on colonial and conidial morphology. Sensitivity of the isolates to fluopyram was determined in radial growth experiment on PDA medium supplemented with a range of fungicide concentrations. Mycelial growth on fungicide-amended media was presented as percentage of the control. The fungicide concentration that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% (EC-50) compared to the control was calculated using probit analysis. The results showed that the sensitivity to fluopyram of B. cinerea isolates from a wild type population, based on EC-50 values, ranged from 0.017 to 6.70 mg/L. These data will serve as a baseline to which any future B. cinerea sensitivity data can be compared to reveal any possible shifts in pathogen population regarding sensitivity to fluopyram

Laboratory testing of wood mouse and common vole sensitivity to bromadiolone, sodium selenite, and cellulose

Maintaining the numbers of wood mice and common voles at an acceptable economic level, especially during years of massive outbreaks, is a major challenge in plant protection. Efforts to reduce the negative effects of rodenticides on the environment, to improve the integrated pest control system, and to minimize risks for human and animal health require investigation of the potentials of cellulose, as a natural product, and sodium selenite as rodenticides. The present study was conducted to determine the sensitivity of these rodent species to bromadiolone (a.i. 0.005 %), sodium selenite (a.i. 0.1 and 0.05 %), and cellulose (a.i. 45 %) baits. All experiments were done using no-choice and choice feeding trials. A low acceptance of cellulose baits was found in the choice feeding trial, and the time of first deaths indicate that stress and hunger increase the death rate in both species. The taste had a negative impact on the acceptability of baits containing sodium selenite. Low bait acceptance of cellulose and sodium selenite resulted in lower mortality of both species. The acquired results indicate that bromadiolone remains a more effective solution than cellulose and sodium selenite for control of wood mice and common vole