19 research outputs found
Laboratory Simulations of Haze Formation in the Atmospheres of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes: Particle Color and Size Distribution
Super-Earths and mini-Neptunes are the most abundant types of planets among
the ~3500 confirmed exoplanets, and are expected to exhibit a wide variety of
atmospheric compositions. Recent transmission spectra of super-Earths and
mini-Neptunes have demonstrated the possibility that exoplanets have haze/cloud
layers at high altitudes in their atmospheres. However, the compositions, size
distributions, and optical properties of these particles in exoplanet
atmospheres are poorly understood. Here, we present the results of experimental
laboratory investigations of photochemical haze formation within a range of
planetary atmospheric conditions, as well as observations of the color and size
of produced haze particles. We find that atmospheric temperature and
metallicity strongly affect particle color and size, thus altering the
particles' optical properties (e.g., absorptivity, scattering, etc.); on a
larger scale, this affects the atmospheric and surface temperature of the
exoplanets, and their potential habitability. Our results provide constraints
on haze formation and particle properties that can serve as critical inputs for
exoplanet atmosphere modeling, and guide future observations of super-Earths
and mini-Neptunes with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), the
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope
(WFIRST).Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures and 1 tabl
Photochemical Haze Formation in the Atmospheres of Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes
UV (ultraviolet) radiation can induce photochemical processes in the atmospheres of exoplanet and produce haze particles. Recent transmission spectra of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes have demonstrated the possibility that exoplanets have haze/cloud layers at high altitudes in their atmospheres. Haze particles play an important role in planetary atmospheres because they affect the chemistry, dynamics, and radiation flux in planetary atmospheres, and may provide a source of organic material to the surface which may impact the origin or evolution of life. However, very little information is known about photochemical processes in cool, high-metallicity exoplanetary atmospheres. We present here photochemical haze formation in laboratory simulation experiments with UV radiation; we explored temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 degrees Kelvin and a range of atmospheric metallicities (100 times, 1000 times, and 10000 times solar metallicity). We find that photochemical hazes are generated in all simulated atmospheres, but the haze production rates appear to be temperature dependent: the particles produced in each metallicity group decrease as the temperature increases. The images taken with an atomic force microscope (AFM) show that the particle size (15 nanometers to 190 nanometers) varies with temperature and metallicity. Our results provide useful laboratory data on the photochemical haze formation and particle properties, which can serve as critical inputs for exoplanet atmosphere modeling, and guide future observations of exoplanets with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST)
Optical Properties of Organic Haze Analogues in Water-rich Exoplanet Atmospheres Observable with JWST
JWST has begun its scientific mission, which includes the atmospheric
characterization of transiting exoplanets. Some of the first exoplanets to be
observed by JWST have equilibrium temperatures below 1000 K, which is a regime
where photochemical hazes are expected to form. The optical properties of these
hazes, which controls how they interact with light, are critical for
interpreting exoplanet observations, but relevant experimental data are not
available. Here we measure the density and optical properties of organic haze
analogues generated in water-rich exoplanet atmosphere experiments. We report
optical constants (0.4 to 28.6 {\mu}m) of organic haze analogues for current
and future observational and modeling efforts covering the entire wavelength
range of JWST instrumentation and a large part of Hubble. We use these optical
constants to generate hazy model atmospheric spectra. The synthetic spectra
show that differences in haze optical constants have a detectable effect on the
spectra, impacting our interpretation of exoplanet observations. This study
emphasizes the need to investigate the optical properties of hazes formed in
different exoplanet atmospheres, and establishes a practical procedure to
determine such properties.Comment: 4 figures, 1 Table, Published in Nature Astronom
Saturn's atmospheric response to the large influx of ring material inferred from Cassini INMS measurements
During the Grand Finale stage of the Cassini mission, organic-rich ring
material was discovered to be flowing into Saturn's equatorial upper atmosphere
at a surprisingly large rate. Through a series of photochemical models, we have
examined the consequences of this ring material on the chemistry of Saturn's
neutral and ionized atmosphere. We find that if a substantial fraction of this
material enters the atmosphere as vapor or becomes vaporized as the solid ring
particles ablate upon atmospheric entry, then the ring-derived vapor would
strongly affect the composition of Saturn's ionosphere and neutral
stratosphere. Our surveys of Cassini infrared and ultraviolet remote-sensing
data from the final few years of the mission, however, reveal none of these
predicted chemical consequences. We therefore conclude that either (1) the
inferred ring influx represents an anomalous, transient situation that was
triggered by some recent dynamical event in the ring system that occurred a few
months to a few tens of years before the 2017 end of the Cassini mission, or
(2) a large fraction of the incoming material must have been entering the
atmosphere as small dust particles less than ~100 nm in radius, rather than as
vapor or as large particles that are likely to ablate. Future observations or
upper limits for stratospheric neutral species such as HCN, HCN, and CO
at infrared wavelengths could shed light on the origin, timing, magnitude, and
nature of a possible vapor-rich ring-inflow event.Comment: accepted in Icaru
Measured mass to stoichoimetric formula through exhaustive search
International audienceElectrospray ionisation has revolutionised mass spectrometry. Coupled to high mass resolution, it provides the stoichiometric formula of a lot of molecules in a mixture. The link between the mass spectrometry data and the chemical description relies on an interpretation of the measured masses. We present here the tools and tricks developed to exploit Orbitrap mass spectra. This piece of work focuses on the numerical method to assign a molecular formula to a measured mass. The problem is restrained to the solving of the Diophantine equation where the constant coefficients are stoichiometric groups. Peculiar case of a set of convenient groups is given with the chemical constraints it brings to the problem
Intrinsic lifetime of metastable excited C4H2: implications for the photochemistry of C4H2 in Titan's atmosphere
International audienceA better understanding of the complex organic chemistry occurring in the methane-rich atmosphere of Titan can be achieved by comparing observational data with the results of photochemical models. Until now, these models failed to reproduce the observed concentrations of C4H2. This may be due to the lack of kinetic data with regard to polyynes chemistry. In particular, no data were available for the intrinsic lifetime of the metastable excited state of C4H2. This state, probably a triplet excited state, seems to be a precursor in the photochemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere of Titan. Standard matrix isolation technique associated with time resolved spectroscopy is well adapted to characterize metastable states. Absorption and emission spectra (phosphorescence) of C4H2 in rare gas matrices are presented and a vibrational analysis is conducted. We also report the first experimental intrinsic lifetime of , measured in Ar and Kr matrices. A value of about in the gas phase is deduced from matrices results ( in Ar and in Kr). The determined lifetime of C4H2, despite being two orders of magnitude higher than the value currently used in the models, cannot explain the discrepancy between models and observations. Nevertheless, it can account for an increase in the production of heavier compounds
Exploration of Enceladus and Titan: investigating ocean worldsâ evolution and habitability in the Saturn system
We present a White Paper with a science theme concept of ocean world evolution and habitability proposed in response to ESAâs Voyage 2050 Call with a focus on Titan and Enceladus in the Saturn system. Ocean worlds in the outer Solar System that possess subsurface liquid water oceans are considered to be prime targets for extra-terrestrial life and offer windows into Solar System evolution and habitability. The Cassini-Huygens mission to the Saturn system (2004â2017) revealed Titan with its organic-rich evolving world with terrestrial features and Enceladus with its active aqueous environment to be ideal candidates to investigate ocean world evolution and habitability. Additionally, this White Paper presents a baseline for a multiple flyby mission with a focused payload as an example of how ocean world evolution and habitability in the Saturn system could be investigated building on the heritage of the Cassini-Huygens mission and complementing the recently selected NASA Dragonfly mission
Effects of internal excitation and collision energy on the reactivity of ions.
International audienc
Effects of internal excitation and collision energy on the reactivity of ions.
International audienc