Biologically active peptides of meat and meat product proteins: a review. Part 2. Functionality of meat bioactive peptides

Biologically active peptides (BAP) are regarded as the main products of protein hydrolysis. BAP activity depends on the amino acid sequence molecular weight and chain length, type and charge of an amino acid at the N-terminus and C-terminus, hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, spatial structure. They positively influence many systems of the human body, including the blood circulatory, nervous, immune, gastrointestinal and other systems. The health-improving effect of bioactive peptides is formed due to their antioxidant, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, opioid, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic and anticancer properties. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are most studied due to their effect on blood pressure regulation. Unlike synthetic preparations, biologically active peptides do not have side effects and, therefore, can be used as their alternative. There is a growing commercial interest in peptides generated from meat proteins is in the context of health saving functional foods. The paper describes prospects, pros and cons of using bioactive peptides as functional food ingredients and biologically active food additives

Electrical excitation of shock and soliton-like waves in two-dimensional electron channels

We study electrical excitation of nonlinear plasma waves in heterostructures with two-dimensional electron channels and with split gates, and the propagation of these waves using hydrodynamic equations for electron transport coupled with two-dimensional Poisson equation for self-consistent electric potential. The term related to electron collisions with impurities and phonons as well as the term associated with viscosity are included into the hydrodynamic equations. We demonstrate the formation of shock and soliton-like waves as a result of the evolution of strongly nonuniform initial electron density distribution. It is shown that the shock wave front and the shape of soliton-like pulses pronouncedly depend on the coefficient of viscosity, the thickness of the gate layer and the nonuniformity of the donor distribution along the channel. The electron collisions result in damping of the shock and soliton-like waves, while they do not markedly affect the thickness of the shock wave front.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure

METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN MEAT PRODUCTS. PREREQUISITES FOR CREATING A MULTI–LEVEL CONTROL SYSTEM

Unfair production and products that do not comply with the declared labeling are currently an acute problem in the field of technical regulation, including with regard to food safety and quality. Given the high added value and multicomponent composition, finished meat products are among the most susceptible to adulteration. Despite the best efforts of regulatory agencies to counteract these inconsistencies, the hidden substitution of cheaper or lower-grade meats is still widespread. One of the main tasks facing research laboratories and testing centers today is the detection of falsification of food products, as well as standardization and certification of techniques necessary to solve such problems. The manufacturer, aware of the current control methods, can go to the deception, using vegetable protein, new unregistered feed additives. To determine the complex changes that occur in products, it is necessary to use methodological approaches in which it is possible to reliably determine these changes. The paper presents an overview of the most commonly used methodologies for assessing the component composition of meat products. Quality assessment of meat products includes control of components of finished products. The most difficult task is to determine the proportion of muscle protein in multicomponent meat products that have undergone heat treatment.Unfair production and products that do not comply with the declared labeling are currently an acute problem in the field of technical regulation, including with regard to food safety and quality. Given the high added value and multicomponent composition, finished meat products are among the most susceptible to adulteration. Despite the best efforts of regulatory agencies to counteract these inconsistencies, the hidden substitution of cheaper or lower-grade meats is still widespread. One of the main tasks facing research laboratories and testing centers today is the detection of falsification of food products, as well as standardization and certification of techniques necessary to solve such problems. The manufacturer, aware of the current control methods, can go to the deception, using vegetable protein, new unregistered feed additives. To determine the complex changes that occur in products, it is necessary to use methodological approaches in which it is possible to reliably determine these changes. The paper presents an overview of the most commonly used methodologies for assessing the component composition of meat products. Quality assessment of meat products includes control of components of finished products. The most difficult task is to determine the proportion of muscle protein in multicomponent meat products that have undergone heat treatment

Study of the physico-chemical properties of goat meat in order to justify the production of children's food products

The issue of rational nutrition of children is still extremely relevant and an effective factor ensuring the preservation of life and health of children. Pathological conditions associated with intolerance to certain components of food are increasingly common. Biologically complete products play an important role in the organization of rational nutrition of children, which can be created only in industrial production conditions. When assessing the chemical composition of experimental samples of goat meat (Zaanenskaya, Alpine, Nubian), no abnormal deviations were detected, and all indicators were in the generally accepted contents of this type of animal muscle tissue. The mineral composition showed that goat meat is rich in such elements as potassium - 1693.22-4125.83mg/kg; sodium - 852.27-1518 mg/kg, magnesium - 125.33-295.8 mg/kg; calcium - 79.27-160.79 mg/kg, iron 11.42-87.52 mg/kg. The vitamin composition of goat meat showed that the content of pantothenic acid (B5) was 0.53-0.62 mg/100g, pyridoxine (B6) 0.52-0.64 mg/100g tocopherol 0.27-0.33 mg/100g. The indicators of the mass fraction of goat meat proteins were 2.1 ± 0.3- 2.4 ± 0.4 %. The study of the dynamics of changes in the composition of protein fractions based on the results of comparative studies of the ratio of sarcoplasmic proteins showed the content of water-soluble (1.75-4.06 %), salt-soluble (1.75-2.44 %), alkali-soluble (11.15-15.10 %) proteins. The salt-soluble fraction reflects the total changes in the state of protein fractions, the solubility of which was not the same for the rocks under consideration (the highest concentration was determined in the Nubian rock)

A procedure for the change point problem in parametric models based on phi-divergence test-statistics

This paper studies the change point problem for a general parametric, univariate or multivariate family of distributions. An information theoretic procedure is developed which is based on general divergence measures for testing the hypothesis of the existence of a change. For comparing the accuracy of the new test-statistic a simulation study is performed for the special case of a univariate discrete model. Finally, the procedure proposed in this paper is illustrated through a classical change-point example

Gender-Specific Renal Function and Urinary Syndrome in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis of Alcoholic Etiology: Observational Study

Background. Gender has now been proven to have a significant impact on the development, course and outcome of a large number of diseases, including alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol consumption is one of the leading risk factors for various diseases. Alcohol-related diseases cause 10% of all deaths worldwide among young and middle-aged people. The occurrence of renal dysfunction in cirrhosis of the liver is an integral part of the natural course of the disease. At the moment, the diagnosis of gender-specific renal dysfunction that occurs against the background of liver cirrhosis is essential for the development of effective treatment strategies and the improvement of survival.Objectives. The study is aimed at identifying the features of the gender-specific renal function and urinary syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology and assessing the comprehensive prognostic significance of the indicators of common urine analysis in the diagnosis of renal dysfunction.Methods. An observational study was carried out using data from medical records of 158 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (95 men and 63 women), aged 36 to 72 years, who were inpatients between February 2016 and March 2020. Physical examination and laboratory diagnostic data were taken into account. Binary predictors of renal dysfunction progression in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis were determined based on the analysis of descriptive statistics. Statistical data processing was performed using computer program Statistica 10 (StatSoft, Inc., USA) and standard Microsoft Excel software package (Microsoft Office 2016). Non-parametric statistical methods were used to describe the results. Quantitative results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test; comparison of two samples by a qualitatively defined feature was performed by means of the Fisher angular transformation method. Differences were considered significant at p ˂ 0.05. A multilayer neural network function from the Statistica 10 Neural Networks software was used to construct a classification scheme for renal dysfunction (yes/no). Neural network performance was assessed using descriptive and inductive statistics, calculating sensitivity, specificity, performing ROC analysis and constructing cumulative gains charts.Results. A renal function test revealed a significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.029) and a significant increase in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (p < 0.0001) in women with alcoholic liver cirrhosis as compared with men. Women are also reported to have a high incidence of proteinuria, leukocyturia and bacteriuria. According to ROC-analysis, the urinalysis indicators have a high prognostic significance in identifying renal dysfunction in men and women with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (AUROC = 0.902 and sensitivity 81.82%, AUROC = 0.881 and sensitivity 75.00%, respectively).Conclusion. Renal dysfunction develops earlier and occurs twice as often in women with alcoholic cirrhosis than in men of the same age. The application of a neural network mechanism to predict renal dysfunction in men and women with alcoholic liver cirrhosis according to the indicators of urinalysis provides a high prognostic ability

Разработка комплекса метрологического обеспечения пищевой промышленности

The paper considers the contribution of experts from the Laboratory of Metrology of Moisture Measurement and Reference Materials to the improvement of the food industry metrological assurance system. The information on the results of the development of forty types of reference materials (RM) for the composition of various nutrition, food staples and nutritional supplement in the period 2008-2020 is generalized. The development of each new RM type included preparation of the material, research for its stability and homogeneity, and determination of certified value with the appliance of State primary (GET 173) and secondary (GVET 176-1) standards, as well as primary reference measurement procedures and conducting the interlaboratory experiment for checking the applicability of the RM. The creation in 2008 of GET 173 was accompanied by the development of RMs for the composition of grains and dry milk product. The approval in 2010 of GVET 176-1 allowed to add in the RM the certified value for the mass fraction of nitrogen (protein). As a result of successful participation in comparisons, UNIIM got 6 items of calibration and measurement capabilities on measurements of mass fraction of nitrogen in glycine, milk powder, grain, egg powder, cereal and feed-stuff in the BIPM database. 35 types of RM for the composition of dairy and meat products, egg powder, infant food, oil and starch products together with the development of primary reference measurement procedures for measurement of fat, crude fat, ash and carbohydrates mass fraction were created between 2016 and 2019. Moreover, the RM for the composition of nutritional supplement (glycine, melamine, cystine) and dairy products for metrological assurance of IR-analysers as well as RM for the composition of reconstituted milk were developed for the control of measurement results by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Developed RM were systemized on fields of the appliance of Technical regulations of Customs Union and the sectors of the international food triangle model. These RMs allow providing the measurement uniformity of the identification indicators and the nutritional value of food products and food staples.Статья посвящена рассмотрению вклада специалистов лаборатории метрологии влагометрии и стандартных образцов в совершенствование системы метрологического обеспечения пищевой промышленности. В статье обобщены результаты разработки более 40 типов стандартных образцов (СО) состава пищевых продуктов, продовольственного сырья и пищевых добавок в период с 2008 по 2020 г. Разработка каждого нового типа СО включала подготовку материала СО, исследование его стабильности и однородности, установление аттестованного значения с применением Государственных первичного (ГЭТ 173) и вторичного (ГВЭТ176-1) эталонов, первичных референтных метоДик измерений (ПРМИ), проведение межлабораторного эксперимента для проверки применимости СО. Создание ГЭТ 173 в 2008 г. сопровождалось разработкой СО состава зерна и сухих молочных продуктов. Утверждение ГВЭТ 176-1 в 2010 г. позволило добавить в СО аттестованное значение массовой доли азота (белка). По результатам успешного участия в сличениях УНИИМ получил 6 строчек калибровочных и измерительных возможностей в базе данных Международного бюро мер и весов по измерению массовой доли азота в глицине, сухом молоке, зерне, яичном порошке, зерновых кашах и кормах. В период 2016-2019 гг. вместе с разработкой ПРМИ массовой доли жира, сырого жира (масличности), золы и углеводов было создано 35 типов СО состава молочных и мясных продуктов, яичного порошка, детского питания, масличных культур и продуктов на их основе, крахмалопродуктов. Кроме того, были разработаны СО состава пищевых добавок (глицин, меламин, цистин) и молочных продуктов для метрологического обеспечения инфракрасных анализаторов, а также СО состава восстановленного молока для контроля результатов измерений методом иммуноферментного анализа. Разработанные СО были систематизированы по областям применения Технических регламентов Таможенного союза и секторам международной модели пищевого треугольника. Разработанные СО позволяют обеспечить единство измерений показателей идентификации и пищевой ценности пищевых продуктов и продовольственного сырья

Platelet microvesicles and their role in providing hemostatic capacity (literature review)

In recent years the role of microvesicles in endocrine system transmission, in providing cellular connectivity, in transportation of proteins and nucleic acids from one cell to another, in angiogenesis regulation, in inflammatory reactions and in dissemination of tumors is actively studied. This article reviews the mechanisms of microvesicle formation, the structure of microvesicles and their potential value as biomarkers. Among all essential reactions involving microvesicles one thing especially stands out: their direct participation in providing hemostatic reactions for bleeding control in case of a solution of continuity in blood vessels due to different reasons. Platelet microvesicles play an important role in this process, and it has been proved by several experimental and clinical studies. In this review we evaluate prospects for clinical use of one of modern blood components – cryoprecipitate – as the source of platelet microvesicles

Молекулярный фенотип клеток крови, ассоциированный с прогрессированием трижды негативного рака молочной железы

Introduction. triple negative breast cancer is an aggressive clinical phenotype characterized by poor prognosis. immune system plays an important role in the development, treatment response, and progression of solid tumor. The search for immune-related markers associated with the prediction of treatment efficacy and disease prognosis, and based on the use of high-resolution molecular techniques, is a promising area of research, the results of which can be translated into clinical practice. Case description. The molecular profile of blood mononuclear cells in a 48-year-old female patient with histologically proven triple negative breast cancer (estrogen Receptor – 0; progesteron Receptor – 0; Her2/neu – 0; gata-3 – 0, androgen Receptor – 0 and Ki67 – 70 %) was described. The patient did not response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 4 cycles of paclitaxel + carboplatin followed by 2 cycles of adriamycin + cyclophosphamide. The patient underwent surgery. disease progression (pelvic bone metastases) occurred 2 months after surgery. The features of blood lymphocytes and monocytes associated with a lack of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and disease progression were described.Conclusion. This clinical case demonstrates that sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be used as a method for identifying predictive markers of therapy efficacy and developing personalized treatments for patients with triple negative breast cancer.Актуальность. Трижды негативный подтип рака молочной железы характеризуется агрессивным течением и неблагоприятным прогнозом. Компоненты иммунной системы как непосредственные участники патогенеза играют роль в развитии, ответе на терапию и прогрессировании этой нозологии. Поиск маркеров иммунных клеток, ассоциированных с предсказанием эффективности лечения и прогнозом заболевания, основанный на применении молекулярных методов высокого разрешения, является перспективным направлением поискового исследования, результаты которого можно транслировать в клиническую практику. Описание клинического случая. Представлен первый опыт описания молекулярного профиля мононуклеарных клеток крови пациентки с трижды негативным раком молочной железы. Опухоль: инвазивная карцинома неспецифического типа с экспрессией: estrogen Receptor – 0; progesteron Receptor – 0; Her2/neu – 0; gata-3 – 0, androgen Receptor – 0, Ki67 – 70 % опухолевых клеток. Отмечено отсутствие ответа на неоадъювантную химиотерапию по схеме: 4 цикла «паклитаксел + + карбоплатин», с последующими 2 курсами АС (адриамицин + циклофосфан). Пациентке проведено оперативное лечение, через 2 мес после которого выявлены метастазы в кости таза. У пациентки описаны особенности лимфоцитов и моноцитов крови, которые могут быть ассоциированы с отсутствием ответа на неоадъювантную химиотерапию и прогрессированием заболевания.Заключение. Представленное клиническое наблюдение показывает, что метод секвенирования мононуклеарных клеток периферической крови можно использовать в качестве поискового для обнаружения предиктивных маркеров эффективности терапии и создания персонифицированной системы лечения пациенток с трижды негативным раком молочной железы

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НАУЧНОГО БАЗИСА МЕТА-ДАННЫХ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ОЦЕНКАМИ «ОНКО-» РИСКОВ, АССОЦИИРОВАННЫМИ С МЯСНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИЕЙ

This review is devoted to formation of the integrated scientific foundation based on the data of different statistical publications (meta data) that are linked to «onko-« risks associated with meat products. In October 2015, World Health Organization (WHO) published a report, in which red meat was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. In addition, the WHO experts made a conclusion about carcinogenicity of processed meat (meat that has been processed by smoking, salting, fermentation or other processes to extend storage). However, globally, there is no standardized method for reviewing the vast amount of studies on the mechanisms, by which lifestyle factors can cause cancer. At present, the work was begun on the development and testing of new methodology for performing systematic reviews of mechanistic investigations associated with a diet, nutrition, physical activity, and the development and progression of different types of cancer.A topical analysis of research in this direction will allow formation of basic meta data associated with «onko-» risks, linked to meat products, detection of basic and accompanying factors influencing «onko-» risks. The obtained information will enable the creation of a scientific reserve for further work on studying an effect of components entering into or developing in meat products associated with «onko-» risks.Настоящий обзор посвящен формированию интегрированного научного базиса, основанном на данных различных статистических публикаций (мета-данных), которые связывают с «онко-» рисками, ассоциированными с мясной продукцией. В октябре 2015 года Всемирная организация здравоохранения опубликовала отчет, в котором красное мясо назвали «вероятным канцерогеном для человека». Помимо этого, эксперты ВОЗ пришли к заключению о канцерогенности переработанного мяса (подвергшегося обработке путем копчения, соления, ферментации и других процессов, продлевающих хранение). Однако в глобальном масштабе нет стандартизованного способа обзора огромного объема исследований механизмов, с помощью которых факторы образа жизни могут вызывать рак. Тем не менее, в настоящее время начата работа по разработке и  тестированию новой методологии для проведения систематических обзоров механистических исследований, связанных с диетой, питанием, физической активностью, развитием и прогрессированием различных видов рака.Актуальность изучения исследований в данном направлении позволит сформировать базис мета-данных, связанный с «онко-» рисками, ассоциированными с мясной продукцией, определение основных и сопутствующих факторов воздействия на онко-риски. Полученная информация позволит создать научный задел для проведения дальнейших работ по изучению влияния компонентов попадающих, либо образующихся в мясной продукции, ассоциированных с онко-рисками