2,149 research outputs found
Extracting convergent surface energies from slab calculations
The formation energy of a solid surface can be extracted from slab
calculations if the bulk energy per atom is known. It has been pointed out
previously that the resulting surface energy will diverge with slab thickness
if the bulk energy is in error, in the context of calculations which used
different methods to study the bulk and slab systems. We show here that this
result is equally relevant for state-of-the-art computational methods which
carefully treat bulk and slab systems in the same way. Here we compare
different approaches, and present a solution to the problem that eliminates the
divergence and leads to rapidly convergent and accurate surface energies.Comment: 3 revtex pages, 1 figure, in print on J. Phys. Cond. Mat
Spin-polarized surface states close to adatoms on Cu(111)
We present a theoretical study of surface states close to 3d transition metal
adatoms (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) on a Cu(111) surface in terms of an
embedding technique using the fully relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method.
For each of the adatoms we found resonances in the s-like states to be
attributed to a localization of the surface states in the presence of an
impurity. We studied the change of the s-like densities of states in the
vicinity of the surface state band-edge due to scattering effects mediated via
the adatom's d-orbitals. The obtained results show that a magnetic impurity
causes spin-polarization of the surface states. In particular, the long-range
oscillations of the spin-polarized s-like density of states around an Fe adatom
are demonstrated.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR
Magnetism of 3d transition metal atoms on W(001): submonolayer films
We have investigated random submonolayer films of 3d transition metals on
W(001). The tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method combined with the
coherent potential approximation was employed to calculate the electronic
structure of the films. We have estimated local magnetic moments and the
stability of different magnetic structures, namely the ferromagnetic order, the
disordered local moments and the non-magnetic state, by comparing the total
energies of the corresponding systems. It has been found that the magnetic
moments of V and Cr decrease and eventually disappear with decreasing coverage.
On the other hand, Fe retains approximately the same magnetic moment throughout
the whole concentration range from a single impurity to the monolayer coverage.
Mn is an intermediate case between Cr and Fe since it is non-magnetic at very
low coverages and ferromagnetic otherwise.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures in 6 files; presented at ICN&T 2006, Basel,
Switzerlan
Federal Enforcement of Migrant Workers’ Labour Rights in Canada: A Research Report
Although Canada’s migrant labour program is seen by some as a model of best practices, rights shortfalls and exploitation of workers are well documented. Through migration policy, federal authorities determine who can hire migrant workers, and the conditions under which they are employed, through the provision of work permits. Despite its authority over work permits, the federal government has historically had little to do with the regulation of working conditions. In 2015, the federal government introduced a new regulatory enforcement system - unique internationally for its attempt to enforce migrants’ workplace rights through federal migration policy - under which employers must comply with contractual employment terms, uphold provincial workplace standards, and make efforts to maintain a workplace free of abuse. Drawing on enforcement data, and frontline law and policy documents, we critically assess the new enforcement system, concluding that it holds both promise and peril for migrant workers
Chemical ordering and composition fluctuations at the (001) surface of the Fe-Ni Invar alloy
We report on a study of (001) oriented fcc Fe-Ni alloy surfaces which
combines first-principles calculations and low-temperature STM experiments.
Density functional theory calculations show that Fe-Ni alloy surfaces are
buckled with the Fe atoms slightly shifted outwards and the Ni atoms inwards.
This is consistent with the observation that the atoms in the surface layer can
be chemically distinguished in the STM image: brighter spots (corrugation
maxima with increased apparent height) indicate iron atoms, darker ones nickel
atoms. This chemical contrast reveals a c2x2 chemical order (50% Fe) with
frequent Fe-rich defects on Invar alloy surface. The calculations also indicate
that subsurface composition fluctuations may additionally modulate the apparent
height of the surface atoms. The STM images show that this effect is pronounced
compared to the surfaces of other disordered alloys, which suggests that some
chemical order and corresponding concentration fluctuations exist also in the
subsurface layers of Invar alloy. In addition, detailed electronic structure
calculations allow us to identify the nature of a distinct peak below the Fermi
level observed in the tunneling spectra. This peak corresponds to a surface
resonance band which is particularly pronounced in iron-rich surface regions
and provides a second type of chemical contrast with less spatial resolution
but one that is essentially independent of the subsurface composition.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Enhanced spin Hall effect by resonant skew scattering in orbital-selective Kondo effect
The enhanced spin Hall effect in Au metal due to the resonant skew scattering
is studied with first-principles band structure calculations. Especially the
gigantic spin Hall angle observed recently (T.Seki et al.,
Nature Materials {\bf 7}, 125 (2008)) is attributed to the orbital-dependent
Kondo effect of Fe in the Au host metal, where the -orbitals are in the
mixed-valence region while -orbitals are in the Kondo limit. The enhanced
spin-orbit interaction by the electron correlation in the -orbitals
leads to the gigantic spin Hall effect. Impurities with 5d orbitals are also
discussed
Exchange and correlation near the nucleus in density functional theory
The near nucleus behavior of the exchange-correlation potential in Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density functional theory is investigated. It is
shown that near the nucleus the linear term of of the spherically
averaged exchange-correlation potential is nonzero, and that
it arises purely from the difference between the kinetic energy density at the
nucleus of the interacting system and the noninteracting Kohn-Sham system. An
analytical expression for the linear term is derived. Similar results for the
exchange and correlation potentials are also
obtained separately. It is further pointed out that the linear term in
arising mainly from is rather small, and
therefore has a nearly quadratic structure near the nucleus.
Implications of the results for the construction of the Kohn-Sham system are
discussed with examples.Comment: 10 page
Exchange-correlation potential for Current Density Functional Theory of frequency dependent linear response
The dynamical, long-wavelength longitudinal and transverse
exchange-correlation potentials for a homogeneous electron gas are evaluated in
a microscopic model based on an approximate decoupling of the equation of
motion for the current-current response function. The transverse spectrum turns
out to be very similar to the longitudinal one. We obtain evidence for a strong
spectral structure near twice the plasma frequency due to a two-plasmon
threshold for two-pair excitations, which may be observable in inelastic
scattering experiments. Our results give the entire input needed to implement
the Time-Dependent Current Density Functional Theory scheme recently developed
by G. Vignale and W. Kohn [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2037 (1996)] and are fitted to
analytic functions to facilitate such applications.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Using Tickets in Employment Standards Inspections: Deterrence as Effective Enforcement in Ontario, Canada?
It is widely agreed that there is a crisis in labour/employment standards enforcement. A key issue is the role of deterrence measures that penalise violations. Employment standards enforcement in Ontario, like in most jurisdictions, is based mainly on a compliance framework promoting voluntary resolution of complaints and, if that fails, ordering restitution. Deterrence measures that penalise violations are rarely invoked. However, the Ontario government has recently increased the role of proactive inspections and tickets, a low-level deterrence measure which imposes fines of $295 plus victim surcharges. In examining the effectiveness of the use of tickets in inspections, we begin by looking at this development in the broader context of employment standards enforcement and its historical trajectory. Then, using administrative data from the Ministry of Labour, we examine when and why tickets are issued in the course of workplace inspections. After demonstrating that even when ticketable violations are detected, tickets are issued only rarely, we explore factors associated with an increased likelihood of an inspector issuing a ticket. Finally, we consider how the overall deterrent effect of workplace inspections is influenced by the use or non-use of deterrence tools
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