Observation and Modeling of the Solar-Cycle Variation of the Meridional Flow

We present independent observations of the solar-cycle variation of flows near the solar surface and at a depth of about 60 Mm, in the latitude range $\pm45^\circ$. We show that the time-varying components of the meridional flow at these two depths have opposite sign, while the time-varying components of the zonal flow are in phase. This is in agreement with previous results. We then investigate whether the observations are consistent with a theoretical model of solar-cycle dependent meridional circulation based on a flux-transport dynamo combined with a geostrophic flow caused by increased radiative loss in the active region belt (the only existing quantitative model). We find that the model and the data are in qualitative agreement, although the amplitude of the solar-cycle variation of the meridional flow at 60 Mm is underestimated by the model.Comment: To be published in Solar Physcis Topical Issue "Helioseismology, Asteroseismology, and MHD Connections

Advances in Global and Local Helioseismology: an Introductory Review

Helioseismology studies the structure and dynamics of the Sun's interior by observing oscillations on the surface. These studies provide information about the physical processes that control the evolution and magnetic activity of the Sun. In recent years, helioseismology has made substantial progress towards the understanding of the physics of solar oscillations and the physical processes inside the Sun, thanks to observational, theoretical and modeling efforts. In addition to the global seismology of the Sun based on measurements of global oscillation modes, a new field of local helioseismology, which studies oscillation travel times and local frequency shifts, has been developed. It is capable of providing 3D images of the subsurface structures and flows. The basic principles, recent advances and perspectives of global and local helioseismology are reviewed in this article.Comment: 86 pages, 46 figures; "Pulsation of the Sun and Stars", Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 832, Rozelot, Jean-Pierre; Neiner, Coralie (Eds.), 201

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ "DEMAND RESPONSE" (УПРАВЛЕНИЕ СПРОСОМ НА ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИЮ) НА РЫНКАХ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ

This article discusses the participation of consumers in the regulation of the electricity market demand Management can not only reduce the cost of electricity needs, but also contributes to its cheaper in the wholesale market, improve the reliability of the power system, reduce the need for additional generating capacity and, accordingly, reduce the level of carbon dioxide emissions. Interest in demand management has now grown significantly around the world, especially in countries emerging from the energy crisis and seeking to meet energy demand through efficient market mechanisms rather than through the construction of expensive generating capacity and grid infrastructureВ статье рассматривается участие потребителей в регулировании рынка электроэнергии. Автор отмечает, что управление спросом позволяет не только уменьшить расходы потребителей на электроэнергию, но и способствует ее удешевлению на оптовом рынке, повышению надежности энергосистемы, уменьшению потребности в дополнительных генерирующих мощностях и соответственно сокращению уровня выбросов двуокиси углерода. Автор приходит к выводу, что в настоящее время интерес к управлению спросом значительно вырос во всем мире, особенно в странах, переживших энергетический кризис и пытающихся удовлетворить спрос на электроэнергию не за счет строительства дорогостоящих генерирующих мощностей и сетевой инфраструктуры, а используя эффективные рыночные механизмы

The change in the structure of liquid metals at high temperatures

The structures of the models of the Lennard-Jones liquid and mercury, cesium, and rubidium melts have been investigated. According to the local order dominant in a system, three regions have been selected in the phase diagrams of the models. For the Lennard-Jones model, the transition between the selected regions corresponds to a change in the asymptotic behavior of the radial distribution function. For the Hg, Cs, and Rb models, the position of the boundaries between these regions correlates with the specific features of the physical properties of these materials. © Allerton Press, Inc. 2008

Structural changes of simple expanded liquids at high temperatures

The Fisher-Widom (FW) line [1] separates the phase diagram into regions with different asymptotic behavior of the pair correlation function. The FW line can be obtained analytically if one gets exact expression for the pair correlation function, but it can not be done from experimental data, because the structure factor is measured for the limited range of wave vectors. We have found out that the approximate position of the FW line can be found from the local atomic arrangement in the Lennard-Jones model. We use this circumstance to analyse the structure of expanded liquid metals (Hg, Cs, Rb). The universal systems' behavior has been revealed, and it can be suggested that the FW line corresponds to the region where atomic and electronic properties change considerably. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd

Innovative Energy Policy Decisions of the Countries of the Post-Soviet Space at the Modern Stage (Typology of the CIS and Baltic Countries by the Level of Development of Alternative Energy)

The experience of the EU and other countries of the world is useful for post-Soviet states, but the features of the current state and prospects for the development of energy in these countries, including the level of energy supply, as well as the experience of the former USSR in the field of renewable energy development, must be taken into account. The paper analyzes the stages of development of alternative energy in the analyzed states in the Soviet period. It is important to recall that there was a single energy system, as a system of interconnected elements of a single energy economy of 15 union republics on the territory of the former USSR. The study clearly shows that because of the collapse of the Soviet Union during the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, all post-Soviet republics faced a full-blown economic crisis. Most alternative energy development projects had been frozen or discontinued. The purpose of the article is to compare the development directions of energy policy in the CIS countries and the Baltic states, and to understand what exactly these states managed to achieve in the field of alternative energy development. In other words, the study resulted in the author’s typology of the countries of the post-Soviet space according to the degree of use of innovative technologies in the energy sector (alternative energy sources). The study was based on energy statistics (IRENA, REN21, BP, IEA), as well as materials from official websites of state authorities of the CIS and Baltic countries. Two essentially opposite types of countries are clearly distinguished: (1) some countries with high self-sufficiency in energy carriers and experimental (but poorly developed) alternative energy sources; and (2) others having maximum indicators of electricity production via alternative energy sources. All other countries have been attributed to the transition type

Innovative Energy Policy Decisions of the Countries of the Post-Soviet Space at the Modern Stage (Typology of the CIS and Baltic Countries by the Level of Development of Alternative Energy)

The experience of the EU and other countries of the world is useful for post-Soviet states, but the features of the current state and prospects for the development of energy in these countries, including the level of energy supply, as well as the experience of the former USSR in the field of renewable energy development, must be taken into account. The paper analyzes the stages of development of alternative energy in the analyzed states in the Soviet period. It is important to recall that there was a single energy system, as a system of interconnected elements of a single energy economy of 15 union republics on the territory of the former USSR. The study clearly shows that because of the collapse of the Soviet Union during the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, all post-Soviet republics faced a full-blown economic crisis. Most alternative energy development projects had been frozen or discontinued. The purpose of the article is to compare the development directions of energy policy in the CIS countries and the Baltic states, and to understand what exactly these states managed to achieve in the field of alternative energy development. In other words, the study resulted in the author’s typology of the countries of the post-Soviet space according to the degree of use of innovative technologies in the energy sector (alternative energy sources). The study was based on energy statistics (IRENA, REN21, BP, IEA), as well as materials from official websites of state authorities of the CIS and Baltic countries. Two essentially opposite types of countries are clearly distinguished: (1) some countries with high self-sufficiency in energy carriers and experimental (but poorly developed) alternative energy sources; and (2) others having maximum indicators of electricity production via alternative energy sources. All other countries have been attributed to the transition type. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG