The effects of gender empowerment training on within-group gender differences in performance and overall group performance: A Pre-Analysis Plan

This Pre-Analysis Plan is for a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) for recently formed youth business groups in Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Resource-poor rural youth are given a business opportunity by being allocated a rehabilitated land area where they can establish a joint business. They are organized as a primary cooperative and self-organize with a board of five members including a leader and a vice leader. The overall objective of the project is to identify factors that enhance the performance and sustainability of formal youth groups as a business and livelihood option. The project includes three RCTs and this registration is for one of these RCTs. This study is an RCT that aims to investigate the benefits of training elected female group members in this setting where male group members dominate as group board members and leaders in most groups. The training will consist of training in production planning and marketing and use of mobile phones for these purposes. An additional effect of the training is also to create social networks and professional contacts across groups among female members that receive the joint training. Ethiopian culture is patriarchal, and men have traditionally been household heads and taken up almost all leadership positions in the society. Recent legal reforms in the country have strengthened women’s land rights (Holden et al. 2011). Less is known about the position of women in business. They are supposed to have equal rights to men as members of primary cooperative businesses that we study. However, they are outnumbered by men in such business groups (38% of the members are women), are less likely to be board members (only 24% of the female group members against 38% of male members are board members), and much less likely to be group leaders/vice group leaders (only 4% of females and 22% of males are in such positions) (Holden and Tilahun 2019b). Female group members are also less likely to own mobile phones (31% of female against 72% of male members (Holden and Tilahun 2019b). Mobile phones are instrumental in doing business such as for marketing, organization of groups, and contacting authorities

The effects of gender empowerment training on within-group gender differences in performance and overall group performance: A Pre-Analysis PlanStein

This Pre-Analysis Plan is for a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) for recently formed youth business groups in Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Resource-poor rural youth are given a business opportunity by being allocated a rehabilitated land area where they can establish a joint business. They are organized as a primary cooperative and self-organize with a board of five members including a leader and a vice leader. The overall objective of the project is to identify factors that enhance the performance and sustainability of formal youth groups as a business and livelihood option. The project includes three RCTs and this registration is for one of these RCTs. This study is an RCT that aims to investigate the benefits of training elected female group members in this setting where male group members dominate as group board members and leaders in most groups. The training will consist of training in production planning and marketing and use of mobile phones for these purposes. An additional effect of the training is also to create social networks and professional contacts across groups among female members that receive the joint training. Ethiopian culture is patriarchal, and men have traditionally been household heads and taken up almost all leadership positions in the society. Recent legal reforms in the country have strengthened women’s land rights (Holden et al. 2011). Less is known about the position of women in business. They are supposed to have equal rights to men as members of primary cooperative businesses that we study. However, they are outnumbered by men in such business groups (38% of the members are women), are less likely to be board members (only 24% of the female group members against 38% of male members are board members), and much less likely to be group leaders/vice group leaders (only 4% of females and 22% of males are in such positions) (Holden and Tilahun 2019b). Female group members are also less likely to own mobile phones (31% of female against 72% of male members (Holden and Tilahun 2019b). Mobile phones are instrumental in doing business such as for marketing, organization of groups, and contacting authorities

Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs

Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity—variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity—estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs—indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis