Synanthropy Of Sarcophagidae (diptera) In Southeastern Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Sarcophagidae (Diptera) are potential vectors of several pathogens. They are also very important in forensic entomology, providing basic information on the circumstances of death. The objective of this study was to determine the synanthropic index of adult Sarcophagidae collected in Rio Claro, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Sampling occurred between September 2009 and August 2010. Traps baited with sardines, beef liver, or minced meat were set for five consecutive days per month in three distinct ecological areas representing urban, rural, and forest environments. A total of 440 specimens of sarcophagids were collected. The most abundant species was Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann), followed by Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker), Peckia (Euboettcheria) collusor (Curran & Walley), Peckia (Euboettcheria) sp., and Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans (Walker). The only species with positive synanthropic index values were O. thornax and P. (S.) lambens, which demonstrated a greater preference for inhabited areas. Peckia (Euboettcheria) florencioi (Prado & Fonseca), P. (P.) intermutans, and Peckia (Euboettcheria) australis (Townsend) were only found in the forested area, which demonstrates their importance in forensic entomology because of their preference for a particular type of environment. The greatest number of sarcophagids was found in the forest environment; however, only the forest and rural areas were significantly different in Sarcophagidae abundance. © 2016, Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.4566376412009/03540-0, FAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

The Spatial Dynamics Of Native And Introduced Blowflies (dipt., Calliphoridae)

The spatial dynamics of three blowfly species was investigated using a spatially extended model of density-dependent population growth and the results indicate an overall stabilizing effect. Introduction of diffusive dispersal induced a quantitative effect of damping variation in population size on the route to a one-fixed point equilibrium in the native species, Cochliomyia macellaria. On the other hand, diffusive dispersal caused qualitative shifts in the dynamics of two invading species, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria. In both species diffusive dispersal can produce a qualitative shift from a two-point limit cycle to a one fixed-point dynamics. Quantitatively, dispersal also has the effect of damping oscillations in population size in the invading species.1216305309Bascompte, J., Solé, R.V., Spatially induced bifurcations in single-species population dynamics (1994) J. Anim. Ecol., 63, pp. 256-264Appropriate formulations for dispersal in spatially structured models: Reply (1995) J. Anim. Ecol., 64, pp. 665-666Baumgartner, D.L., Greenberg, G., The genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the New World (1984) J. Med. Entomol., 21, pp. 105-113Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Comins, H.N., Hassell, M.P., May, R.M., The spatial dynamics of host-parasitoid systems (1992) J. Anim. Ecol., 61, pp. 735-748Csilling, A., Jánosj, I.M., Pástor, G., Scheuring, I., Absence of chaos in a self-organized critical coupled map lattice (1994) Phys. Rev. E, 50, pp. 1083-1092Furlanetto, S.M., Campos, M.L.C., Harsi, C.M., Microrganismos enteropatogênicos em moscas africanas pertencentes ao gênero Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) no Brasil (1984) Rev. Microbiol., 15, pp. 170-174Godoy, W.A.C., Reis, S.F., Von Zuben, C.J., Ribeiro, O.B., Population dynamics of Chrysomya putoria (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae) (1993) J. Appl. Ent., 116, pp. 163-169Greenberg, B., (1971) Flies and Disease, 1. , Princeton: Princeton University Press(1973) Flies and Disease, 2. , Princeton: Princeton University PressChrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) collected in North America and notes on Chrysomya present in the New World (1988) J. Med. Entomol., 25, pp. 199-200Greenberg, B., Szyska, M.L., Immature stages and biology of 15 species of peruvian Calliphorid (Diptera) (1984) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 77, pp. 488-517Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in Southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 22, pp. 53-60Hastings, A., Complex interactions between dispersal and dynamics: Lessons from coupled logistic equations (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 1362-1372Hengeveld, R., (1989) Dynamics of Biological Invasions, , London: Chapman and HallKareiva, P., Population dynamics in spatially complex environments: Theory and data (1991) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 330, pp. 175-190Laurence, B.A., Geographical expansion of the range of Chrysomya blowflies (1981) Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75, pp. 130-131Lewis, M.A., Kareiva, P., Allee dynamics and the spread of invading organisms (1993) Theor. Pop. Biol., 43, pp. 141-158Lodge, D.M., Biological invasions: Lessons for ecology (1993) Trends Ecol. Evol., 8, pp. 133-137Moler, C., Little, J., Baugert, S., (1987) PC-MATLAB User's Guide, Version 3.2-PC, , Sherborn: The Mathworks, IncPascual, M., Diffusion-induced chaos in a spatial predator-prey system (1993) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 251, pp. 1-7Prout, T., Mcchesney, F., Competition among immatures affects their adult fecundity: Population dynamics (1985) Am. Nat., 126, pp. 521-558Reis, S.F., Teixeira, M.A., Von Zuben, F.J., Godoy, W.A.C., Von Zuben, C.J., Theoretical dynamics of experimental populations of introduced and native blow-flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1996) J. Med. Entomol., 33, pp. 537-544Ruxton, G.D., Temporal scales and the occurrence of chaos in coupled populations (1995) Trends Ecol. Evol., 10, pp. 141-142Wells, J.D., Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has reached the continental United States: review of its biology, pest status, and spread around the world (1991) J. Med. Entomol., 28, pp. 471-473Wells, J.D., Kurahashi, H., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development: Rate, variation and the implications for forensic entomology (1994) Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 45, pp. 303-309Von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Val, J.B.R., Godoy, W.A.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Dynamics of a mathematical model of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1993) J. Med. Entomol., 30, pp. 443-448Zumpt, F., (1965) Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World, , London: Butterworth

Bilateral Anomaly In The Style Of Sciopemyia Sordellii (shannon & Del Ponte) (diptera, Psychodidae) [anomalia Bilateral No Gonóstilo De Sciopemyia Sordellii (shannon & Del Ponte) (diptera, Psychodidae)]

This paper presents a male specimen of Sciopemyia sordellii with a rare bilateral anomaly, consisting in eight spines in a style and five in the other. This species has four spines in each style as its normal number. The specimen was captured using a CDC light trap, in a forested area in the State Park "Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade", in May 2004, located in the city of Rio Claro, São Paulo State, Brazil. Similar anomaly was once described but this is the first specimen found with a bilateral alteration. It may cause confusion in taxonomic identification and even lead to description of new species, increasing the number of synonymies.1836769Andrade Filho, J.S., Bilateral anomaly in the style of Micropygomyia schreiberi (Martins, Falcão & Silva) (Diptera, Psychodidae) (2004) Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 48 (4), pp. 583-585Aguiar, G.M., Medeiros, W.M., Distribuição regional e habitats das espécies de febtomíneos do brasil (2003) Flebotomíneos do Brasil, pp. 207-255. , In: RANGEL, E. F.LAINSON, R., Rio de Janeiro: FiocruzBarreto, M., Burbano, M.E., Barreto, P., Lutzomyia sand fies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from middle and lower putumayo department, Colômbia, with new records to the country (2000) Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 95 (5), pp. 633-639Cutolo, A.A., Levantamento de Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) e algumas considerações sobre aspectos epidemiológicos da Leishmaniose canina no município de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil (2008) Veterinária e Zootecnia, 15 (1), pp. 91-99Dedet, J.P., Vignes, R.V., Rangel, E.F., Morfologia e taxonomia (2003) Flebotomíneos do Brasil, pp. 177-183. , In: RANGEL, E. F.LAINSON, R., Rio de Janeiro: FiocruzFerreira, R.C., A phylogenetic lineage of closely related Trypanosomes (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida) of anurans and sand files (Psychodidae, Diptera) sharing the same ecotopes in Brazilian Amazonia (2008) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 55 (5), pp. 427-435Galati, E.A.B., Morfologia, terminologia de adultos e identifcação dos táxons da América (2003) Flebotomíneos do Brasil, pp. 53-175. , In: RANGEL, E. F.LAINSON, R., Rio de Janeiro: FiocruzMarcondes, C.B., Anomalies of Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) (1999) Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 94 (3), pp. 365-366Natal, D., Modifcação da armadilha CDC com testes para coletas de febotomíneos (Diptera) (1991) Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 35 (4), pp. 697-700Young, D.G., Morales, A., New species and records of phlebotomine sand files from Colombia (Diptera: Psychodidae) (1987) Journal of Medical Entomology, 24 (5), pp. 651-665Young, D.G., Duncan, M.A., Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of lutzomyia sand files in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae) (1994) Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, pp. 1-88

New Records Of Lutzomyia Longipalpis (lutz & Neiva, 1912) (diptera: Psychodidae) In The Central East Region Of São Paulo State, Brazil [novos Registros De Lutzomyia Longipalpis (lutz & Neiva, 1912) (diptera: Psychodidae) Na Região Centro-leste Do Estado De São Paulo, Brasil]

Cutaneous (LTA) and Visceral (LVA) American Leishmaniasis incidences are increasing in human and canine hosts, especially LVA, which is expanding its range through São Paulo State. Distribution and ecology knowledge of diferent sand fly species is essential for leishmaniasis epidemiology vigilance. The communication of new fndings of its vectors is mandatory for risk determination for transmission of these illnesses. On this study sand flies were trapped in bushed areas, in different localities at rural areas of Ipeúna, Itirapina and Analândia counties, between August and September 2007. A total of 248 specimens of nine different species were sampled in Ipeúna, six and seven specimens of two different species were trapped in Itirapina and Analândia, respectively. The most abundant species in Ipeúna was Pintomyia pessoai (37.5%), followed by Pintomyia fscheri (33.06%) and Migonemyia migonei (16.53%), all three species are considered vectors of LTA in São Paulo State. Lutzomyia longipalpis was found in Ipeúna and Analândia for the first time and its presence confrmed in Itirapina, indicating a risk of LVA essablishment in the area and the need for further local studies on its ecology, especially regarding its occupation of the anthropic environment.1816265Camargo-Neves, V.L.F., Gomes, A.C., Antunes, J.L.F., Correlação da presença de espécies de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) com registros de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (2002) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 35 (4), pp. 299-306http://www.cve.saude.sp.gov.br, CENTRO DE VIGILÂNCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA "PROF. ALEXANDRE VRANJAC" - CVE. Divisão de Zoonoses. Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Disponível em, Acesso em: 25 de Dezembro de 2008Costa, A.I.P., Casanova, C., Rodas, L.A.C., Galati, E.A.B., Atualização da distribuição geográfca e primeiro encontro de Lutzomyia longipalpis em área urbana no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (1997) Revista de Saúde Pública, 31 (6), pp. 632-633Cutolo, A.A., Camargo, D.A., Cutolo, A.A., von Zuben, C.J., Galati, E.A.B., Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae) em Cuessa Basáltica na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Corumbataí, Região Centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo (2008) Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 11 (2), pp. 336-339http://www.cve.saude.sp.gov.br, Divisão de Zoonoses. Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Disponível em:, Acesso em: 15 de Novembro de 2007Galati, E.A.B., (2003) Morfologia, terminologia de adultos e identifcação dos táxons da América, pp. 53-175. , In: RANGEL, E. F.LAINSON, R. (Eds.). Flebotomi ́neos do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: FiocruzGomes, A.C., Sand fy vectorial ecology in the State of São Paulo (1994) Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89 (3), pp. 457-60Atualização da classifcação epidemiológica dos municípios para a Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (2008) Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista, 5 (50), pp. 18-25. , GRUPO DE ESTUDOS EM LEISHMANIOSES, CCDLainson, R., Rangel, E., Lutzomyia longipalpis e a eco-epidemiologia da leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) no Brasil (2003) Flebotomíneos do Brasil, pp. 311-336. , In: RANGEL, E. F.LAINSON, R. (Eds.)., Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz(2003) Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral, p. 120. , MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, BrasíliaPonçano, W.L., Carneiro, C.D.R., Bistrichi, C.A., Almeida, F.F.M., Prandini, F.L., (1981) Mapa Geomorfológico do Estado de São Paulo, 1, p. 37. , São Paulo: Divisão de Minas e Geologia Aplicada, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paul

Theoretical Approaches To Forensic Entomology: I. Mathematical Model Of Postfeeding Larval Dispersal

An overall theoretical approach to model phenomena of interest for forensic entomology is advanced. Efforts are concentrated in identifying biological attributes at the individual, population and community of the arthropod fauna associated with decomposing human corpses and then incorporating these attributes into mathematical models. In particular in this paper a diffusion model of dispersal of post feeding larvae is described for blowflies, which are the most common insects associated with corpses.1206379382Blackith, R.E., Blackith, R.M., Insect infestation of small corpses (1990) J. Nat. Hist., 24, pp. 699-709Braun, M., (1983) Differential Equations and Their Applications, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagCatts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Edelstein-Keshet, L., (1988) Mathematical Models in Biology, , New York: McGraw-HillEwens, W., (1979) Mathematical Population Genetics, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagGodoy, W.A.C., Fowler, H.G., Von Zuben, C.J., Ziti, L., Ribeiro, O.B., Larval dispersion in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (1996) J. Appl. Ent., 119, pp. 263-266Godoy, W.A.C., Von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Larval dispersal in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dipt., Calliphoridae): Ecological implications of aggregation behaviour (1996) J. Appl. Ent., , in pressGreenberg, B., Forensic entomology: Case studies (1985) Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 31, pp. 25-28Behavior of postfeeding larvae of some Calliphoridae and a muscid (Diptera) (1990) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 83, pp. 1210-1214Flies as forensic indicators (1991) J. Med. Entomol., 28, pp. 565-577Hanski, I., Carrion fly community dynamics: Patchiness, seasonality and coexistence (1987) Ecol. Entomol., 12, pp. 257-266Holmes, E.E., Lewis, M.A., Banks, J.E., Veit, R.R., Partial differential equations in ecology: Spatial interactions and population dynamics (1994) Ecology, 75, pp. 17-29Jin, L., Chakraborty, R., Population structure, stepwise mutations, heterozygote deficiency and their implications to DNA forensics (1995) Heredity, 74, pp. 274-285Nagylaki, T., (1992) Introduction to Theoretical Population Genetics, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagNuorteva, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic Medicine: A Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards, pp. 1072-1095. , Ed. by TEDESCHI, C. G.ECKERT, W. G.TEDESCHI, L. G., Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders CompanySchoenly, K., A statistical analysis of successional patterns in carrion-arthropod assemblages: Implications for forensic entomology and determination of the post-mortem interval (1992) J. Forensic Sci., 37, pp. 1489-1513Schoenly, K., Goff, M.L., Early, M., A BASIC algorithm for calculating the postmortem interval from arthropod successional data (1992) J. Forensic Sci., 37, pp. 808-823Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A Manual of Forensic Entomology, , Ithaca: Cornell University PressWeir, B.S., The effects of inbreeding on forensic calculations (1994) Annu. Rev. Genet., 28, pp. 5970-6621Wells, J.D., Kurahashi, H., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development: Rate, variation and the implications for forensic entomology (1994) Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 45, pp. 303-30

Diffusion Model Applied To Postfeeding Larval Dispersal In Blowflies (diptera: Calliphoridae)

This paper presents a diffusion model of larval dispersal especifically designed to account for particular aspects of postfeeding larval dispersal from the food source in organisms such as blowflies. In these organisms the dispersal of immatures includes two groups of individuals, those that are actively migrating and those that have initiated the pupation process. The classical diffusion equation in one dimension was modified to incorporate a function which describes the burying of larvae to become pupae. The analytical solution of this equation predicts oscillatory and monotonic dispersal behaviors, which are observed in experimental populations of blowfly species.922281286Andow, D.A., Kareiva, P.M., Levin, S.A., Okubo, A., Spread of invading organisms: Patterns of dispersal (1993) Evolution of Insect Pests, pp. 219-242. , KC Kim, BA McPheron (eds), John Wiley, New YorkBanks, H.T., Kareiva, P.M., Zia, L., Analyzing field studies of insect dispersal using two-dimensional transport equations (1988) Environ Ent, 17, pp. 815-820Baumgartner, D.L., Greenberg, B., The genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the New World (1984) J Med Ent, 21, pp. 105-113Blackith, R.E., Blackith, R.M., Insect infestations of small corpses (1990) J Nat Hist, 24, pp. 699-709Broadbent, S.R., Kendall, D.G., The random walk of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (1953) Biometrika, 9, pp. 460-465Christie, I., Wilder, J.W., Colbert, J.J., Modeling of one-dimensional spatial effects on the spread of gypsy moths (1995) Ecol Model, 78, pp. 219-234De Jong, G., The influence of the distribution of juveniles over patches of food on the dynamics of a population (1979) Nether J Zool, 29, pp. 33-51Gaines, S.D., Bertness, M., The dynamics of juvenile dispersal: Why field ecologists must integrate (1994) Ecology, 74, pp. 2430-2435Greenberg, B., Szyska, M.L., Immature stages and biology of fifteen species of Peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1984) Ann Ent Soc Amer, 77, pp. 488-517Guimarães, J.H., Considerações gerais sobre moscas do gênero Chrysomya no Brasil (1984) Agroquimica, 24, pp. 8-12Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in Southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Revta Bras Ent, 22, pp. 53-60Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Buralli, G.M., Dispersal and distribution of three newly introduced species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy in Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1979) Revta Bras Ent, 23, pp. 245-255Gurney, W.S.C., Nisbet, R.M., The regulation of inhomogeneous populations (1975) J Theor Biol, 52, pp. 441-457Heiland, I.S., Hoff, J.M., Anderbrant, G., Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scotylidae) to a pheromone trap: experiment and mathematical models (1984) J Chem Ecol, 10, pp. 723-752Holmes, E.E., Are diffusion models too simple? 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Larval Dispersal In Chrysomya Megacephala, Chrysomya Putoria And Cochliomyia Macellaria (dipt., Calliphoridae): Ecological Implications Of Aggregation Behaviour

In this study we investigate aggregated patterns as a consequence of post-feeding larval dispersal in three blowfly species, based on the frequency distribution of sampling units in the substrate having 0, 1, 2,..., n pupae. Statistical analysis revealed that aggregated patterns of distribution emerge as a consequence of larval dispersal, and Cochliomyia macellaria has higher levels of aggregation when compared to Chrysomya megacephala and C. putoria. Aggregation during dispersal is associated with a spatial pattern where most larvae in the species tend to pupariate near the food source. The possible consequences for the population ecology of these species are discussed.1207423426Atkinson, W.D., Shorrocks, B., Competition on a divided and ephemeral resource: A simulation model (1981) J. Anim. Ecol., 50, pp. 461-471Aggregation of larval diptera over discrete and ephemeral breeding sites: The implications for coexistence (1984) Amer. Natur., 124, pp. 336-351Bliss, C.I., Fisher, R.A., Fitting the negative binomial distribution to biological data and a note on the efficient fitting of the negative binomial (1953) Biometrics, 9, pp. 176-200Braack, L.E.O., Arthropods associated with carcasses in the northern Kruger National Park (1986) Suid-Afrik. Tyds. Vir Natuur., 16, pp. 91-98Godoy, W.A.C., Fowler, H.G., Vonzuben, C.J., Ziti, L., Ribeiro, O.B., Larval dispersion in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dipt., Calliphoridae) (1995) J. Appl. Ent., 119, pp. 263-266Ives, A.R., Aggregation and the coexistence of competitors (1988) Ann. Zool. Fennici, 25, pp. 75-88Kneidel, K.A., Patchiness, aggregation and the coexistence of competitors for ephemeral resources (1985) Ecol. Entomol., 10, pp. 441-448Kretzschmar, M., Adler, F.R., Aggregated distributions in models for patchy populations (1993) Theor. Pop. Biol., 43, pp. 1-30Leal, T.T.S., Prado, A.P., Antunes, A.J., Rearing the larvae of the blowfly Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on oligidic diets (1982) Rev. Bras. Zool., 1, pp. 41-44Legner, E.F., Temperature, humidity and depth of habitat influencing host destruction and fecundity of muscoid fly parasites (1977) Entomophaga, 22, pp. 199-206Levot, G.W., Brown, K.R., Shipp, E., Larval growth of some calliphorid and sarcophagid Diptera (1979) Bull. Entomol. Res., 69, pp. 469-475Ludwig, J.A., Reynolds, J.F., (1988) Statistical Ecology. A Primer on Methods and Computing, , New York, John Wiley and SonsMacleod, J., Donnelly, J., Microgeographic aggregations in blowfly populations (1962) J. Anim. Ecol., 31, pp. 525-544Dispersal and interspersal of blowfly populations (1963) J. Anim. Ecol., 32, pp. 1-32Mayer, D.G., Atzeni, M.G., Estimation of dispersal distances for Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1993) Environ. Entomol., 22, pp. 368-374Peschke, K., Krapf, D., Fuldner, D., Ecological separation, functional relationships, and limiting resources in a carrion insect community (1987) Zool. Jahr. Syst. Oekol.Geogr. Tiere., 114, pp. 241-265Poulin, R., The disparity between observed and uniform distributions: A new look at parasite aggregation (1993) Int. J. Parasitol., 23, pp. 937-944Prout, T., The delayed effect on adult fertility of immature crowding: Population dynamics (1984) Population Biology and Evolution, pp. 83-86. , Ed. by WÖHRMANN, K., LOESCHCKE, V. Berlin, Springer-VerlagPutman, R.J., Dynamics of the blowfly. Calliphora erythrocephala, within carrion (1977) J. Anim. Ecol., 46, pp. 853-866Rosewell, B., Shorrocks, B., Edwards, K., Com petition on a divided and ephemeral resource: Testing the assumptions. I. Aggregation (1990) J. Anim. Ecol., 59, pp. 977-1001Shorrocks, B., Rosewell, J., Edwards, K., Atkikson, W.D., Interspecific competition is not a major organism force in many insect communities (1984) Nature, 310, pp. 310-312Sokal, R.R., Rohlf, F.J., (1981) Biometry, , W. H. Freeman and Company. New YorkSréter, T., Molná, R.V., Kassai, T., The distribution of nematode egg counts and larval counts in grazing sheep and their implications for parasite control (1994) Int. J. Parasitol., 24, pp. 103-108Umoru, P.A., Aggregation of frit fly larvae (Oscinella spp.Geomyza tripunctata Fall.) and immature hymenopterous parasitoids in grassland in northern England (1994) J. Appl. Ent., 117, pp. 158-164Wells, J.D., Greenberg, B., Interaction between Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dip tera: Calliphoridae): the possible consequences of an invasion (1992) Bull. Entomol. Res., 82, pp. 133-137Laboratory interaction between introduced Chrysomya rufifacies and the native Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1992) Env. Entomol., 21, pp. 640-64

Corrigendum To "non-local Interactions And The Dynamics Of Dispersal In Immature Insects" [j. Theor. Biol. 185 (4) (1997) 523-531]

A simple mathematical model is developed to explain the appearance of oscillations in the dispersal of larvae from the food source in experimental populations of certain species of blowflies. The life history of the immature stage in these flies, and in a number of other insects, is a system with two populations, one of larvae dispersing on the soil and the other of larvae that burrow in the soil to pupate. The observed oscillations in the horizontal distribution of buried pupae at the end of the dispersal process are hypothesized to be a consequence of larval crowding at a given point in the pupation substrate. It is assumed that dispersing larvae are capable of perceiving variations in density of larvae buried at a given point in the substrate of pupation, and that pupal density may influence pupation of dispersing larvae. The assumed interaction between dispersing larvae and the larvae that are burrowing to pupate is modeled using the concept of non-local effects. 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