9,671 research outputs found

    Decoupled Payments to EU Farmers, Production, and Trade: An Economic Analysis for Germany

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    After an extended process of reform the European Union has introduced direct payments to farmers which are decoupled from production decisions as a central element of its Common Agricultural Policy. They are also referred to as Single Farm Payments. In this paper we analyze the production and trade effects of this policy and its compatibility with WTO international trade rules. A survey of the literature suggests that the system of direct payments in its present form has effects which are analogous to a subsidization of agricultural land. Thus, they act to increase production and trade. Furthermore we quantify the total economic cost of production of selected commodities in the European Union and compare them to the price at which EU production is sold in foreign markets. Our analysis suggests that the costs of production in the European Union for key agricultural commodities are below international prices. It can be established that commodities for which the European Union is a net exporter are sold below cost, for extended periods of time and in substantial quantities. The EU system of decoupled payments to farmers, thus, acts to inflict economic injury to third countries. Under WTO rules, dumping can only occur when a country is an exporter. In this paper we demonstrate that on the markets included in the analysis dumping occurs on the market for wheat. The extent of injury is exemplified for Australia.European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, WTO rules, decoupled payments, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Risk and Uncertainty,

    Global agricultural market trends and their impacts on European Union agriculture

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    The economic, political and climatic conditions in which farmers around the world have to make their production and investment decisions are changing dramatically. This study analyses the driving forces of changes in agricultural world markets and their implications for European Union agriculture for the time period 2003/05 - 2013/15. The impacts on European Union agriculture are quantified using of a multi-market-model. The mega-trend of declining world market prices has ended. Since the turn of the millennium world market prices for agricultural goods have been increasing. This trend can be expected to continue. Not only will prices have a tendency to increase, but also fluctuations of agricultural world market prices are likely to be higher in the future than they have been in the past. The reason for the positive trend in agricultural world market prices is that global demand growth outstrips the growth in global supply, and this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. The global demand for food will continue to grow mainly for two reasons. One is the continued growth in world population; the other is the sustained growth in per capita incomes in developing and newly industrialised countries, with corresponding increase of per capita food consumption. Global food supply will have difficulty keeping pace with the growth in demand. A key factor is that the globally available agricultural land is limited in scale. Consequently, to meet the needs of the rapidly growing world population the necessary production growth will have to a large extent be met by a rise in productivity on the land already being farmed today. However, this will be difficult to accomplish as global agricultural productivity growth has been in decline since the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, the rapid expansion of bio-energy production diverts agricultural land and other inputs away from food production. In addition, increasing water scarcity is starting to act as a constraint to production growth, and climate change is also beginning to affect production. The quantitative results of the analysis for key crops demonstrates that, both in the European Union and globally, agricultural demand will grow faster than supply during the time period 2003/05 - 2013/15. European Union demand for grains can be expected to increase by 10-20 percent and by more than 50 percent in oilseeds. However, European Union supply of wheat and other grains can only be expected to increase by less than 10 percent, corn by 15-20 percent, and oilseeds by more than 30 percent. As a consequence, the price of wheat can be expected to increase by more than 10 percent and the price of corn and oilseeds by more than 30 percent. With regard to the trade balance, the net trade position of European Union agriculture can be expected to deteriorate. While there would be a reduction in net imports of corn, net imports of oilseeds are expected to increase by more than 70 percent. Moreover, it is foreseeable that for wheat the European Union will switch from being a net exporter to a net importer. The same is true for other grains. Two additional aspects warrant further considerations. These are achieving world food security and combating global warming. For the world’s poor, increasing food prices may become a matter of survival. The results of the analysis confirm that the developing countries will not even come close to securing food supply for their rapidly growing population through domestic production, even under the best of all realistic scenarios. Consequently, the increasing food import needs of developing countries can only be met if the industrialised countries produce more and export more food. However, growth in bio-energy production in the European Union will let the region revert back to a net importing position in wheat, and it will have to increase imports of oilseeds. This will reduce the European Union’s ability to help in the fight against starvation in the world, unless there would be an increase in agricultural productivity beyond what is anticipated in this analysis. Climate change is now widely accepted as a fact, and human activity is a contributing factor. While probably not being of major importance during the time period considered in this study, world agriculture will be affected by global warming in the long run. On balance, world food production will be negatively affected as a consequence of climate change. Climate change and the associated additional increase in world food prices will amplify hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. Food production will decline predominantly in the countries which are already characterised by increasing food import needs. These countries are also those that are unable to make the necessary investment in agricultural research to adapt food production to the changing climate and to cope with increase in demand. Higher food prices will also increase the incentives for deforestation in order to claim additional farm land. Deforestation however, is one of the most important causes of global warming. In the global picture, the European Union will be less affected by climate change. It may even benefit. Europe will become a more secure production location in comparison to other world regions. Consequently, it has to take responsibility to significantly contribute to world food security and also to combat global warming by utilising its production potential. To avoid negative repercussions and to fully capitalise on its production potential, it is imperative that the European Union employs strategies which increase overall agricultural productivity on the available agricultural land. Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Entwicklungen auf den WeltagrarmĂ€rkten untersucht und deren Auswirkungen auf die EU Landwirtschaft fĂŒr den Zeitraum 2003/05 - 2013/15 quantifiziert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die weltweite Nachfrage nach AgrargĂŒtern stĂ€rker steigt als das Angebot, so dass der Trend der Weltagrarpreise positiv ist. Die gegenwĂ€rtig (Mai 2008) sehr hohen Preise werden indes nicht von Dauer sein. Vielmehr ist mittelfristig mit einem eher moderaten Preisanstieg von etwa 15-30 % im Untersuchungszeitraum zu rechnen. Bei Weizen und anderem Getreide (außer Mais) wird die EuropĂ€ische Union wieder zu einem Nettoimporteur. Die zu erwartenden Entwicklungen auf den WeltagrarmĂ€rkten und die dadurch steigenden Preise fĂŒr NahrungsgĂŒter werden zu einer ernsthaften VerschĂ€rfung der WelternĂ€hrungslage fĂŒhren. Da die FlĂ€chen, die weltweit fĂŒr die NahrungsgĂŒterproduktion verfĂŒgbar sind, begrenzt sind, muss die Steigerung des Angebots, die notwendig ist, um die rasch wachsende Weltbevölkerung in hinreichendem Umfang mit NahrungsgĂŒtern zu versorgen, weitgehend ĂŒber eine Steigerung der ProduktivitĂ€t derjenigen FlĂ€chen erreicht werden, die bereits heute landwirtschaftlich genutzt werden. Eine Steigerung der ProduktivitĂ€t in der Weltlandwirtschaft fĂŒhrt zu geringeren NahrungsgĂŒterpreisen. Sie verringert daher auch die Anreize auf dem Weg der Brandrodung zusĂ€tzliche landwirtschaftliche NutzflĂ€chen zu erschließen. GegenwĂ€rtig tragen diese Brandrodungen 18 % zum anthropogenen Klimawandel bei. Dies ist mehr als der Klimaeffekt der weltweiten Industrieproduktion. Damit ist das landwirtschaftliche ProduktivitĂ€tswachstum nicht nur zentral im Kampf gegen den Hunger auf der Welt, sondern es leistet auch einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verringerung des Klimawandels.World agriculture, food security, climate change, agriculture productivity growth, Weltlandwirtschaft, Sicherung der WelternĂ€hrung, landwirtschaftliches ProduktivitĂ€tswachstum, International Relations/Trade,

    Global agricultural market trends revisited: The roles of energy prices and biofuel production

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    Global agricultural market, trends energy prices, biofuel production, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries,

    Zur AusbildungsintensitĂ€t von Industriebetrieben : eine vergleichende Analyse fĂŒr den Zeitraum von 1962 bis 1972.

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    "Auf der Grundlage einer SekundĂ€ranalyse der Industriestatistik wird versucht, die AusbildungsintensitĂ€t von Industriebetrieben und ihre VerĂ€nderung zwischen den Jahren 1962 und 1972 anhand einer Analyse der industriezweigspezifischen Auszubildendenquoten zu bestimmen. Die Studie erbrachte u.a. folgende Ergebnisse: ++ Der Umfang der betrieblichen Nachwuchsausbildung schwankt zwischen den einzelnen Industriezweigen betrĂ€chtlich. Be sonders krasse Unterschiede bestehen im Bereich der gewerb lichen Ausbildung. Hier reicht die Spanne der Ausbil dungsintensitĂ€t von 1989 Auszubildenden pro 10 000 Fachar beiter in der elektrotechnischen Industrie bis hin zu 50 Auszubildenden pro 10 000 Facharbeiter in der tabakverarbei tenden Industrie. ++ Die Rangordnung der Industriezweige in bezug auf die Aus bildungsintensitĂ€t hat sich in den vergangenen zehn Jahren nur unwesentlich verschoben. Industriezweige, die 1962 die ausbildungsintensivsten waren, belegten auch noch 1972 die höchsten RangplĂ€tze und vice versa. ++ In den meisten Industriezweigen wurde seit 1962 sowohl die AusbildungsintensitĂ€t fĂŒr FacharbeitertĂ€tigkeiten als auch fĂŒr AngestelltentĂ€tigkeiten reduziert. Besonders starke RĂŒckgĂ€nge sind in den ausbildungsintensiven Industriezwei gen zu beobachten. FĂŒr den Bereich der Facharbeiterausbil dung sind dies u.a. die feinmechanische, optische, Uhren industrie, der Maschinenbau und die Druckerindustrie. FĂŒr den Sektor der "Fachangestellten"-Ausbildung sind dies u.a. die Bekleidungsindustrie, die lederverarbeitende Industrie und die SĂ€gewerke und holzbearbeitende Industrie. ++ Die Verringerung der AusbildungsintensitĂ€t fĂŒr Angestellten tĂ€tigkeiten ist in den meisten Industriezweigen darauf zu rĂŒckzufĂŒhren, daß der Umfang der Nachwuchsausbildung nicht Schritt hielt mit der starken Expansion der Angestellten arbeitsplĂ€tze. Die VerĂ€nderungen der AusbildungsintensitĂ€t fĂŒr FacharbeitertĂ€tigkeiten wurden in den meisten Industrie zweigen dagegen dadurch bestimmt, daß sowohl die Facharbei terbestĂ€nde als auch die Anzahl der gewerblichen Auszubilden den verringert wurden. ++ Klein-, Mittel- und Großbetriebe verĂ€nderten ihre Ausbildungs intensitĂ€t unterschiedlich. In einigen Industriezweigen wurden die Auszubildendenquoten mit zunehmender Betriebs grĂ¶ĂŸe in geringer werdendem Ausmaß reduziert. In anderen Industriezweigen (z.B. der Bekleidungsindustrie und holzverarbeitenden Industrie) fungieren Betriebe einer be stimmten BetriebsgrĂ¶ĂŸe als Wendepunkt der VerĂ€nderungsrich tung der AusbildungsintensitĂ€t: in Betrieben, die unterhalb dieser Schwelle liegen, wurde die AusbildungsintensitĂ€t ver ringert, in Betrieben oberhalb dieser Schwelle wurde sie er höht. Die Untersuchung wurde im IAB durchgefĂŒhrt.Industriebetrieb, Wirtschaftszweige - Entwicklung, Facharbeiter, Angestellte, betriebliche Berufsausbildung

    Density Functional Theory of Magnetic Systems Revisited

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    The Hohenberg-Kohn theorem of density functional theory (DFT) for the case of electrons interacting with an external magnetic field (that couples to spin only) is examined in more detail than previously. A unexpected generalization is obtained: in certain cases (which include half metallic ferromagnets and magnetic insulators) the ground state, and hence the spin density matrix, is invariant for some non-zero range of a shift in uniform magnetic field. In such cases the ground state energy is not a functional of the spin density matrix alone. The energy gap in an insulator or a half metal is shown to be a ground state property of the N-electron system in magnetic DFT.Comment: Four pages, one figure. Submitted for publication, April 13, 2000 Revised, Sept 27, 200
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