5 research outputs found
Quantitative Map of β-Lactone-Induced Virulence Regulation
β-Lactones
have recently been introduced as the first selective
ClpP inhibitors that attenuate virulence of both sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and multiresistant strains
(MRSA). Although previous knockout studies showed that ClpP is essential
for S. aureus alpha-toxin production,
a link between β-lactone inhibition and molecular virulence
mechanisms has been lacking so far. We here perform a chemical–proteomic
approach to elucidate antivirulence pathways. First, we demonstrate
by gel-free activity-based protein profiling that ClpP is the predominant
target of β-lactones. Only a few off-targets were discovered,
which, unlike ClpP, were not involved in the reduction of alpha-toxin
expression. Second, in-depth mechanistic insight was provided by a
full proteomic comparison between lactone treated and untreated S. aureus cells. Quantitative mass-spectrometric
analysis revealed increased repressor of toxin (Rot) levels and a
corresponding down-regulation of α-toxin, providing the first
direct connection between the lactone-dependent phenotype and a corresponding
cellular mechanism. By building up a quantitative virulence regulation
network, we visualize the impact of ClpP inhibition in a systems biology
context. Interestingly, a lack of in vitro Rot degradation by either
ClpXP or ClpCP calls either for a proteolysis mechanism with yet unknown
adaptor proteins or for an indirect mode of action that may involve
ClpX-mediated RNA signaling and feedback circuits
Dual Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Biofilm Attenuates Expression of Major Toxins and Adhesins
Staphylococcus
aureus is a major
bacterial pathogen that invades and damages host tissue by the expression
of devastating toxins. We here performed a phenotypic screen of 35
molecules that were structurally inspired by previous hydroxyamide-based S. aureus virulence inhibitors compiled from commercial
sources or designed and synthesized de novo. One of the most potent
compounds, <b>AV73</b>, not only reduced hemolytic alpha-hemolysin
production in S. aureus but also impeded
in vitro biofilm formation. The effect of <b>AV73</b> on bacterial
proteomes and extracellular protein levels was analyzed by quantitative
proteomics and revealed a significant down-regulation of major virulence
and biofilm promoting proteins. To elucidate the mode of action of <b>AV73</b>, target identification was performed using affinity-based
protein profiling (AfBPP), where among others YidC was identified
as a target
Profiling withanolide A for therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases
To identify new potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases, we initiated activity-based protein profiling studies with withanolide A (WitA), a known neuritogenic constituent of Withania somnifera root with unknown mechanism of action. Molecular probes were designed and synthesized, and led to the discovery of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as potential target. Molecular modeling calculations using the VirtualToxLab predicted a weak binding affinity of WitA for GR. Neurite outgrowth experiments in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells further supported a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism, finding that WitA was able to reverse the outgrowth inhibition mediated by dexamethasone (Dex). However, further GR binding and transactivation assays found no direct interference of WitA. Further molecular modeling analysis suggested that WitA, although forming several contacts with residues in the GR binding pocket, is lacking key stabilizing interactions as observed for Dex. Taken together, the data suggest that WitA-dependent induction of neurite outgrowth is not through a direct effect on GR, but might be mediated through a closely related pathway. Further experiments should evaluate a possible role of GR modulators and/or related signaling pathways such as ERK, Akt, NF-κB, TRα, or Hsp90 as potential targets in the WitA-mediated neuromodulatory effects