Control of apple scab by curative applications of biocontrol agents

In organic apple growing protective applications with copper, sulphur or lime sulphur are used for apple scab control. Protective applications have to be repeated when new leaves unfold. The timing of protective sprays depends on the weather forecast. If forecasted infection conditions fail to appear, treatments were for nothing. With curative control agents available, the number of treatments could be reduced. In greenhouse trials we tested control agents for their protective and curative efficiency against apple scab after artificial inoculation of potted apple trees. Applications were done 2 hours before inoculation, 5 hours after inoculation on wet leaves, 5 hours after inoculation during simulated rainfall or 24 hours after inoculation on wet or dry leaves. The optimal time of application differed between the preparations tested. Vitisan and OmniProtect had their highest activity when sprayed curative 24 hours after inoculation. Combinations were found, which revealed a high efficiency against apple scab from 2h before to 24 hours after inoculation. In a field trial apple scab was effectively controlled by curative applications of OmniProtect

LF336 lift fan modification and acoustic test program

Investigating lift fan noise reduction by configuration modifications in LF336/

Back action of graphene charge detectors on graphene and carbon nanotube quantum dots

We report on devices based on graphene charge detectors (CDs) capacitively coupled to graphene and carbon nanotube quantum dots (QDs). We focus on back action effects of the CD on the probed QD. A strong influence of the bias voltage applied to the CD on the current through the QD is observed. Depending on the charge state of the QD the current through the QD can either strongly increase or completely reverse as a response to the applied voltage on the CD. To describe the observed behavior we employ two simple models based on single electron transport in QDs with asymmetrically broadened energy distributions of the source and the drain leads. The models successfully explain the back action effects. The extracted distribution broadening shows a linear dependency on the bias voltage applied to the CD. We discuss possible mechanisms mediating the energy transfer between the CD and QD and give an explanation for the origin of the observed asymmetry.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Automated Classification of 2000 Bright IRAS Sources

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been employed using a supervised back-propagation scheme to classify 2000 bright sources from the Calgary database of IRAS (Infrared Astronomy Satellite) spectra in the wavelength region of 8-23 microns. The data base has been classified into 17 pre-determined classes based on spectral morphology. We have been able to classify more than 80 percent of the 2000 sources correctly at the first instance. The speed and robustness of the scheme will allow us to classify the whole of LRS database, containing more than 50,000 sources in the future.Comment: 26 pages, To appear in ApJS after July 200

Legal, Structural, and Ethical Barriers to Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS: A Review of Malaysia and Kazakhstan

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in nations that use Islamic scripture in law has faced several challenges. The conservative ethical and political approach to the epidemic has been ineffective in halting the spread of and treating the existence of HIV/AIDS. It is expected that there will be several structural barriers to obtaining care, treatment, and prevention services for HIV/AIDS in these nations particularly for vulnerable populations such as Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), People Who Inject Drugs (PWID), and sex workers. This research will investigate and analyze research, laws, politics, ethics, and structure in the nations of Malaysia and Kazakhstan and how the access of care and prevention of HIV/AID is affected and addressed. From this research barriers will be found and intervention mechanisms can be created to address this issue