25,298 research outputs found
True photo-counting statistics of multiple on-off detectors
We derive a closed photo-counting formula, including noise counts and a
finite quantum efficiency, for photon number resolving detectors based on
on-off detectors. It applies to detection schemes such as array detectors and
multiplexing setups. The result renders it possible to compare the
corresponding measured counting statistics with the true photon number
statistics of arbitrary quantum states. The photo-counting formula is applied
to the discrimination of photon numbers of Fock states, squeezed states, and
odd coherent states. It is illustrated for coherent states that our formula is
indispensable for the correct interpretation of quantum effects observed with
such devices.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Quantum-state extraction from high-Q cavities
The problem of extraction of a single-mode quantum state from a high-Q cavity
is studied for the case in which the time of preparation of the quantum state
of the cavity mode is short compared with its decay time. The temporal
evolution of the quantum state of the field escaping from the cavity is
calculated in terms of phase-space functions. A general condition is derived
under which the quantum state of the pulse built up outside the cavity is a
nearly perfect copy of the quantum state the cavity field was initially
prepared in. The results show that unwanted losses prevent the realization of a
nearly perfect extraction of nonclassical quantum states from high-Q optical
microcavities with presently available technology.Comment: RevTeX4, 9 pages with 6 figures; extended version as submitted to
Phys. Rev.
Multi-focal laser surgery: cutting enhancement by hydrodynamic interactions between cavitation bubbles
Transparent biological tissues can be precisely dissected with ultrafast
lasers using optical breakdown in the tight focal zone. Typically, tissues are
cut by sequential application of pulses, each of which produces a single
cavitation bubble. We investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between
simultaneous cavitation bubbles originating from multiple laser foci.
Simultaneous expansion and collapse of cavitation bubbles can enhance the
cutting efficiency by increasing the resulting deformations in tissue, and the
associated rupture zone. An analytical model of the flow induced by the bubbles
is presented and experimentally verified. The threshold strain of the material
rupture is measured in a model tissue. Using the computational model and the
experimental value of the threshold strain one can compute the shape of the
rupture zone in tissue resulting from application of multiple bubbles. With the
threshold strain of 0.7 two simultaneous bubbles produce a continuous cut when
applied at the distance 1.35 times greater than that required in sequential
approach. Simultaneous focusing of the laser in multiple spots along the line
of intended cut can extend this ratio to 1.7. Counter-propagating jets forming
during collapse of two bubbles in materials with low viscosity can further
extend the cutting zone - up to a factor of 1.54.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures. Paper is accepted for publication in Physical
Review
On continuum modeling of sputter erosion under normal incidence: interplay between nonlocality and nonlinearity
Under specific experimental circumstances, sputter erosion on semiconductor
materials exhibits highly ordered hexagonal dot-like nanostructures. In a
recent attempt to theoretically understand this pattern forming process, Facsko
et al. [Phys. Rev. B 69, 153412 (2004)] suggested a nonlocal, damped
Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation as a potential candidate for an adequate
continuum model of this self-organizing process. In this study we theoretically
investigate this proposal by (i) formally deriving such a nonlocal equation as
minimal model from balance considerations, (ii) showing that it can be exactly
mapped to a local, damped Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, and (iii) inspecting
the consequences of the resulting non-stationary erosion dynamics.Comment: 7 pages, 2 Postscript figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. B corrected
typos, few minor change
Plastic-crystalline solid-state electrolytes: Ionic conductivity and orientational dynamics in nitrile mixtures
Many plastic crystals, molecular solids with long-range, center-of-mass
crystalline order but dynamic disorder of the molecular orientations, are known
to exhibit exceptionally high ionic conductivity. This makes them promising
candidates for applications as solid-state electrolytes, e.g., in batteries.
Interestingly, it was found that the mixing of two different
plastic-crystalline materials can considerably enhance the ionic dc
conductivity, an important benchmark quantity for electrochemical applications.
An example is the admixture of different nitriles to succinonitrile, the latter
being one of the most prominent plastic-crystalline ionic conductors. However,
until now only few such mixtures were studied. In the present work, we
investigate succinonitrile mixed with malononitrile, adiponitrile, and
pimelonitrile, to which 1 mol% of Li ions were added. Using differential
scanning calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy, we examine the phase behavior
and the dipolar and ionic dynamics of these systems. We especially address the
mixing-induced enhancement of the ionic conductivity and the coupling of the
translational ionic mobility to the molecular reorientational dynamics,
probably arising via a "revolving-door" mechanism.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures; revised version as accepted for publication in J.
Chem. Phy
Spatially heterogeneous dynamics and dynamic facilitation in a model of viscous silica
Performing molecular dynamics simulations, we find that the structural
relaxation dynamics of viscous silica, the prototype of a strong glass former,
are spatially heterogeneous and cannot be understood as a statistical bond
breaking process. Further, we show that high particle mobility predominantly
propagates continuously through the melt, supporting the concept of dynamic
facilitation emphasized in recent theoretical work.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Detection of quantum light in the presence of noise
Detection of quantum light in the presence of dark counts and background
radiation noise is considered. The corresponding positive operator-valued
measure is obtained and photocounts statistics of quantum light in the presence
of noise is studied.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure; misprints correcte
NASA Workshop on future directions in surface modeling and grid generation
Given here is a summary of the paper sessions and panel discussions of the NASA Workshop on Future Directions in Surface Modeling and Grid Generation held a NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, December 5-7, 1989. The purpose was to assess U.S. capabilities in surface modeling and grid generation and take steps to improve the focus and pace of these disciplines within NASA. The organization of the workshop centered around overviews from NASA centers and expert presentations from U.S. corporations and universities. Small discussion groups were held and summarized by group leaders. Brief overviews and a panel discussion by representatives from the DoD were held, and a NASA-only session concluded the meeting. In the NASA Program Planning Session summary there are five recommended steps for NASA to take to improve the development and application of surface modeling and grid generation
Caging dynamics in a granular fluid
We report an experimental investigation of the caging motion in a uniformly
heated granular fluid, for a wide range of filling fractions, . At low
the classic diffusive behavior of a fluid is observed. However, as
is increased, temporary cages develop and particles become increasingly
trapped by their neighbors. We statistically analyze particle trajectories and
observe a number of robust features typically associated with dense molecular
liquids and colloids. Even though our monodisperse and quasi-2D system is known
to not exhibit a glass transition, we still observe many of the precursors
usually associated with glassy dynamics. We speculate that this is due to a
process of structural arrest provided, in our case, by the presence of
crystallization.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Atmospheric Effects from Waste Heat Transfer Associated with Cooling Lakes : Final Report
National Science Foundation NSF GI-35841published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe
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