Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure estimation by transesophageal echocardiography: is simpler better?

The measurement of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) is important for estimation of left ventricular filling pressure and for distinction between cardiac and non-cardiac etiology of pulmonary edema. Clinical assessment of PAOP, which relies on physical signs of pulmonary congestion, is uncertain. Reliable PAOP measurement can be performed by pulmonary artery catheter, but it is possible also by the use of echocardiography. Several Doppler variables show acceptable correlation with PAOP and can be used for its estimation in cardiac and critically ill patients. Noninvasive PAOP estimation should probably become an integral part of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation in critically ill patients. However, the limitations of both methods should be taken into consideration, and in specific patients invasive PAOP measurement is still unavoidable, if the exact value of PAOP is needed

What distinguishes stem allomorphy? A masked priming study with French stimuli

International audienceSince Rumelhart & McClelland (1986) first presented their connectionist model of the English past tense system, the question of the nature of morphological representation has divided psycholinguists. This is a central question in the debates on the nature of cognition, since it concerns the understanding of how the lexicon is organized in terms of structural units, and how these units interact with each other during lexical access. One of the important controversies in this domain is about the description of the core units of the lexicon, namely the morpheme versus lexeme problem. Regarding the later, as Aronoff pointed out (1994), it is better to speak of lexeme-based morphology, because the term "word-based" has led to the misunderstanding that the concrete form of a word might be the basis of morphological operations. However, it is often an abstract stem form of a lexeme, which does never surface as a concrete word form, that constitutes the basis for morphology, and hence, the term "lexeme-based" is more appropriate. This lexeme-based view of morphology is shared by many morphologists (Bybee, 1988; Booij, 2002): morphology is not the "syntax of morphemes" but the extension of patterns of existing systematic form-meaning correspondences between words

Are prefixed units processed and represented like suffixed ones? Towards a hybrid model of morphological processing

International audienceThe fact that in most languages affixed words are present in a very high proportion leads to the conclusion that morphology constitutes an important variable in word processing. Thirty years of investigation permitted to confirm that morphology intervenes in automatic processes that operate during the very early stages of lexical access, suggesting that morphemes were independently coded or stored somewhere in the mental lexicon. The masked priming paradigm (Forster & Davis, 1984) is the privileged technique used by the psycholinguists to examine the early processes of word recognition. The principle governing this paradigm lies indeed on the transfer of activation from a first processed stimulus (the prime) on the recognition latency of a second stimulus (the target). This activation transfer is admitted to operate on the basis of the shared representations (orthographic/phonological/morphological/semantic) by prime-target pairs. Moreover, given that the prime is presented very briefly (SOAs under 60 ms) and is generally masked (by a string of hash marks), any effect of the prime is considered to be the result of unconscious processes. In the precise case of morphology, many studies manipulated morphologically related words as well as pseudo-words and found systematically very robust positive priming effects: two morphologically related words prime each other across different languages (e.g., Boudelaa & Marslen-Wilson, 2005 in Arabic; Duntildeabeitia, Laka, Perea, & Carreiras, 2009 in Basque; Drews and Zwitserlood, 1995, in both German and Dutch; Frost, Deutsch & Forster, 1997 in Hebrew; Giraudo & Grainger, 2000 in French; Rastle, Davis, Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 2000 in English) and in experimental settings that include multiple control priming conditions (unrelated but also orthographic/phonological and semantic controls in order to neutralize any interference effect). This general result being established, the question of the nature of morphemic units represented in longterm memory and their precise role within the lexicon remains unanswered. Two possible hypotheses of representation have been proposed: eithe

Pseudo-family size influences the processing of French inflections : evidence in favor of a supralexical account.

International audienceSince Rumelhart & McClelland (1986) first presented their connectionist model of the English past tense system, the nature of morphological representation has divided psycholinguists. This question is central in debates about the nature of cognition, since it concerns the understanding of how the lexicon is organized in terms of structural units, and how these units interact with each other during lexical access. One of this domain's important controversies concerns the description of the core units of the lexicon, namely the morpheme versus lexeme problem. The former posits that a unit smaller than the word, preserving basic semantic and orthographic/phonological characteristics and commonly called morpheme is the structural unit of the lexicon, whereas the later argues that morphology is primarily a set of systematic correspondences between the forms and meanings of the words, and that the source of morphology is the network of paradigmatic relations between the existing words of a language. This position implies that it is the word that forms the basis of morphological operations, and that morphology cannot be simply defined as the concatenation of morphemes into words. As pointed out by Aronoff (1994), it is better to speak of lexeme-based morphology, because the term 'word-based' has led to the misunderstanding that it is the concrete form of a word that is the basis for morphological operations. However, it is often an abstract stem form of a lexeme, which never surfaces as a concrete word form, that constitutes the basis for morphological operations, and hence, the term 'lexeme-based' is more appropriate. This lexeme-based view of morphology is shared by many morphologists (Bybee 1988; 2001, Booij 2002): morphology is not the "syntax of morphemes", but the extension of patterns of existing systematic form-meaning correspondences between words. The Dutch tradition of morphological studies provided some pieces of convincing evidence for this view, see the work by Harald Baayen and his colleagues on family size effects (e.g. de Jong et al. 2000)

PREFIX UNITS WITHIN THE MENTAL LEXICON

International audienceThree masked priming experiments associated with the lexical decision task were carried out in order to examine the cognitive processing of prefixed words in French. To this end we systematically compared the effects of the prior presentation of prefixed words (e.g., prénom), prefixed nonwords (e.g., dénom) or orthographic nonwords (e.g., danom) on the recognition latencies of their root (e.g., nom) or of another related prefixed word (e.g., surnom). When compared to unrelated primes, both prefixed words and nonwords facilitated target recognition (Experiments 1 & 2) and this was not an effect arising from the frequency ratio between roots and prefixed derivations. However, when morphological priming effects were measured against orthographic nonword controls, that where combinations of existing roots with nonexisting prefixes, morphological effects did not differ significantly from orthographic effects (Experiment 3). This finding suggests that morphological priming effects do not totally depend on the decomposition of the prime in two distinct morphemes, as suggested by Rastle & Davis (2008) but tend to be sensitive to formal factors (more precisely overlapping roots), even though they cannot be reduced to simple orthographic priming. Taken together, the present data moderate the full decomposition approach of morphological processing. A new model is proposed, integrating both sublexical units corresponding to "morphomes" (Aronoff, 1994) and supralexical units assimilated to "base-lexemes"

PENGARUH LIFESTYLE, WORD OF MOUTH DAN PENGETAHUAN PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN MS. GLOW PADA MAHASISWA UNMUH PONOROGO

Kinerja berkaitan erat dengan hasil kerja konsumen yang sesuai dengan perannya dalam organisasi sekaligus merupakan hasil konsumen dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dengan penuh tanggung jawab. Bila kinerja konsumen (individual performance) baik, maka kemungkinan besar penampilan perusahaan (corporate performance) juga akan baik. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti Pengaruh Lifestyle manajemen, Word Of Mouth konsumen yang terjaga serta Pengetahuan Produk yang sesuai dipatuhi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh Lifestyle, Word Of Mouth dan Pengetahuan Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Mahasiswa Unmuh Ponorogo. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, yaitu data yang dapat dihitung berupa angka-angka. Penelitian dengan metode kuantitatif ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Lifestyle, Word Of Mouth dan Pengetahuan Produk terhadap Keputusan Pembelian MS. Glow pada Mahasiswa Unmuh Ponorogo. Analisis data penulis lakukan di awali dengan pengumpulan dan pengolahan data berupa kuesioner dengan skala likert dimana alternatif jawaban nilai 1 sampai dengan 5 pemberian skor dilakukan atas jawaban pertanyaan baik mengenai Lifestyle (X1), Word Of Mouth (X2), Pengetahuan Produk (X3) maupun Keputusan Pembelian (Y). Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan sesuai dengan data yang dikelola dengan model analisis regresi linear berganda disimpulkan bahwa; Berdasarkan hasil uji t variabel independen Pengaruh Lifestyle, diperoleh nilai t hitung > t tabel (3,233 > 1,990 ), maka Ho ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh Lifestyle terhadap Keputusan Pembelian. Word Of Mouth, diperoleh nilai t hitung > t tabel (2,255 > 1,990 ) maka Ho ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh Word Of Mouth terhadap Keputusan Pembelian. Pengetahuan Produk, diperoleh nilai t hitung > t tabel (4,256 > 1,990 ) maka Ho ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh Pengetahuan Produk terhadap Keputusan Pembelian. Sementara berdasarkan hasil uji F variabel dependen Keputusan Pembelian, diperoleh nilai F hitung > F tabel (17,989 > 2,72) maka Ho ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh Lifestyle, Word Of Mouth dan Pengetahuan Produk secara bersamasama/simultan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian

Differential processing effects within second group Modern Greek verbs

International audienceOn-line processing of Greek 2nd group verbs was examined through a psycholinguistic experiment using the masked priming technique. The critical comparison concerned the effect of past tense primes on present tense targets between the two forms of the same verb: 2nd group basic verbs and their alternative forms. Results showed that alternative forms elicit morphological priming whereas basic forms do not, and this cannot be compatible with a decompositional approach. We propose an interpretation based on a lexematic approach within an interactive activation model (IAM, McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981). In the discussion, we underline the difficulty in avoiding methodological caveats when transferring logic and material constitution techniques (mostly based on orthographic-phonological criteria) directly from one language to another. The experiment presented here highlights the need to consider a given verbal system in its complexity when designing a psycholinguistic experiment

Does morphology play a role in L2 processing? Evidence from inflectional and derivational priming with Greek speakers of English

International audienceIn the domain of bilingual/second language processing, the existence and exact role of linking representations in the organisation of the lexicon summarizes the questioning of a large body of psycholinguistic research over the last years. According to Bybee (1985; 1988), morphology is the factor that clusters the (monolingual) lexicon and this organisation transcends languages. Such an organisation would have deep implications for second language acquisition and would therefore be reflected in bilingual online processing. Indeed, recent psycholinguistic literature investigates L2 processing with various methodologies among which masked priming is a privileged technique. From studies examining the role of morphology on cognate and non-cognate processing, with protocols in which both languages of the bilingual are presented, under same-script (e.g. Spanish-Catalan, Sánchez-Casas & García-Albea, 2005; Duñabeitia, Dimitropoulou, Morris & Diependaele, in press) or cross-script conditions (ex. Greek-French: Voga & Grainger, 2007; Voga 2005; Voga & Anastassiadis-Symeonidis 2012), research shows growing interest for L2 processing in advanced learners and bilinguals

Μέτρα ταχύτερης απονομής της διοικητικής δικαιοσύνης

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας είναι η διερεύνηση της σημασίας του χρόνου κατά την επίλυση διοικητικών διαφορών, ο εντοπισμός των αιτίων των καθυστερήσεων και η παρουσίαση των ληφθέντων μέχρι σήμερα μέτρων επιτάχυνσης, με κριτήριο το δικαιοδοτικό όργανο ενώπιον του οποίου ενεργοποιούνται, με ταυτόχρονη αναφορά σε ορισμένα μέτρα που μπορούν να συμβάλουν στην αναδιαμόρφωση της διοικητικής δικαιοσύνης, με σκοπό την αποτελεσματικότερη και ταχύτερη λειτουργία της.Subject of the present thesis is the investigation of the importance of time in the resolution of administrative justice, the identification of the causes of delays and the presentation of the acceleration measures taken so far, according to the court before which they are activated, with simultaneous reference to certain measures that could contribute to the restructuring of administrative justice, in order to make its operation more efficient and faster