Эпидемиологические особенности хронической респираторной патологии при вакцинации против пневмококковой инфекции

The purpose of this study was to analyze prospectively clinical and economic effects of vaccination of COPD patients using conjugated pneumococcal vaccine PСV13 (Prevenar 13). Methods. The study involved 394 male patients treated in the Teaching Hospital No.4 and Chelyabinsk Pulmonary Center in 2012 – 2016. Number of COPD exacerbations, hospitalizations and cases of pneumonia was analyzed; dyspnea and lung function were also measured; BODE, DOSE, and ADO prognostic indices were calculated. The cost-efficacy of vaccination was assessed. Results. Vaccination with PСV13 vaccine allowed stabilization basic respiratory functional parameters. In a year after the vaccination, BODE, DOSE, and ADO indices significantly decreased and this effect maintained during four years. Number of infectious exacerbations and pneumonia cases significantly decreased in 4 years after vaccination in non-smoking patients. Conclusion. The prognostic indices are a reliable tool to evaluate efficacy of treatment. Vaccination allowed saving up to RUR 394.3 million (78.5%) per a year due to reduction in number of COPD exacerbations and rate of pneumonia.За последние годы произошли изменения в подходах и концепциях вакцинопрофилактики как на международном уровне, так и в отечественном здравоохранении. Приоритет отдается изучению эффективности вакцинации пневмококковой конъюгированной вакциной. В Городском консультативно-диагностическом пульмонологическом центре (Челябинск) вакцинация пневмококковой конъюгированной вакциной (ПКВ-13) Превенар-13 проводится с 2012 г., база наблюдения составляет > 500 пациентов. Опыт применения вакцинопрофилактики за последние годы обобщен в предыдущих публикациях. Целью настоящего исследования явилось проведение анализа проспективной клинической и экономической эффективности вакцинопрофилактики ПКВ-13 у пациентов с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ) за 4 года. Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены пациенты (n = 394) мужского пола, проходившие лечение или наблюдение Государственном бюджетном учреждении здравоохранения «Областная клиническая больница № 4» и Городском пульмонологическом центре (Челябинск) в 2012–2016 гг. Проведен анализколичества обострений ХОБЛ, госпитализаций в стационар и число случаев развития пневмонии, степень одышки, функциональных показателей. Рассчитаны прогностические оценочные индексы BODE, DOSE, ADO. Проведена оценка экономической эффективности вакцинации. Результаты. При включениивакцинопрофилактики ПКВ-13 в план ведения пациентов стабилизируются основные функциональные показатели респираторной системы. Индексы BODE, DOSE и ADO имеют достоверную, статистически значимую тенденцию к уменьшению через 1 год с сохранением эффекта через 4 года наблюдения. Использование прогностических оценочных индексов является надежным инструментом для контроля эффективности проводимой терапии. У некурящих пациентов через 4 года после применения ПКВ-13 достоверно снижается число инфекционных обострений и пневмоний. На фоне приема иГКС в 2,6 раза увеличивается число пневмоний и обострений ХОБЛ. Заключение. Показано, что за счет сохранения эффекта на протяжении всех 4 лет наблюдения вакцинация с применением ПКВ-13 позволяет минимизировать число обострений ХОБЛ, показатели заболеваемости пневмонией и расходы системы здравоохранения, при этом экономия Министерства здравоохранения Челябинской области может достигать в среднем 394,3 млн рублей (78,5 %) в год

Features of Chronic Bronchitis in Different Age Groups

Background: Lung diseases are assuming greater relevance and importance today. Chronic bronchitis is a self-nosology, which may precede the development of COPD, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated. The main problem in this disease is caused by late diagnosis and treatment due to the delay by patients in seeking medical help. The aim of the work was to study the distribution and exposure to tobacco smoke, especially chronic bronchitis, depending on various factors, including age. Methods: We examined 1779 persons, including 855 men and 924 women. The mean age of the population was 35.83±8.3 years. We conducted surveys and spirometry. The outcome was assessed after a bronchodilation test was performed with salbutamol 400 mcg. We performed all statistical analysis using software package Statistica 10. Results: We identified chronic bronchitis in 9.2% of the cases in the group of younger individuals and in 14.9% of the cases in the group of older individuals, during the active detection of chronic bronchitis using questionnaires. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was slightly higher among the younger (39.5%) than the older persons (33.6%); the frequency of smoking in a group of chronic bronchitis was reliably higher. Also, in this group, the performance spirometry reliably decreased. Conclusions: Outpatient survey is an effective method of identifying chronic bronchitis. Smoking is a major risk factor in the group of young respondents and the prevalence of smoking is inversely related to the education level of the respondents, regardless of age. As the decline in the Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) is the main criterion diagnosis of COPD, it revealed significant declines in the FEV1 of the younger smoking individuals, which may help to predict the development of COPD in the older age group

Biological Earth observation with animal sensors

Space-based tracking technology using low-cost miniature tags is now delivering data on fine-scale animal movement at near-global scale. Linked with remotely sensed environmental data, this offers a biological lens on habitat integrity and connectivity for conservation and human health; a global network of animal sentinels of environmen-tal change

Low-temperature MnBi alloys: Electronic and magnetic properties, constitution, morphology and fabrication (Review article)

The article reviews the rich phenomena of physical properties of MnBi. The diverse phenomena include strong spin-orbit interaction, anomalous temperature dependence of the coercivity and the magneto-crystalline anisotropy field, unique magneto-optical properties. Issues addressed include the nature of the electronic ground states of MnBi, the electronic and magnetic structures, Fermi surface, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, x-ray magnetic dichroism. The discussion includes key experiments, such as optical and magneto-optical spectroscopic measurements, de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) measurements, x-ray photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements as well as x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The effect of the spin-orbit (SO) interaction and Coulomb repulsion U were found to be crucial for the Fermi surface, cyclotron masses, magneto-optical properties, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The microscopic origin of unique magneto-crystalline anisotropy and giant Kerr effect in MnBi is analyzed in detail. The huge Kerr effect in MnBi is caused by the combination of a sizable magnetic moment on manganese, the large spin-orbit coupling of bismuth, and a strong hybridization between the manganese 3d and the bismuth 6p states. The magneto-optically active states are mainly the 6p states of Bi. We show that the observed temperature dependence of the magneto-crystalline anisotropy can be explained taking into account the spin-orbit interaction together with strong Coulomb electron-electron interaction. The SO coupling of Bi is equally responsible for the large magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy as is the exchange splitting of Mn. The fabrication, morphology, and constitution of low-temperature MnBi alloys in bulk, thin films, and nanoparticles are discussed. The nanocomposite permanent magnetic materials based on MnBi, (Co, Fe) and Nd2Fe14B are also discussed.</p

A superstatistics approach to memristor current-voltage modelling

Memristors are expected to form a major cornerstone in the upcoming renaissance of analog computing, owing to their very small spatial footprint and low power consumption. Due to the nature of their structure and operation, memristors are intrinsically stochastic devices. This characteristic is amplified by currently employed semiconductor fabrication processes, which introduce spatial inhomogeneities into the structural fabric that makes up the memristor. In this work, a Ag-Cu based synaptic memory cell is characterized by utilizing a superstatistical approach, resulting in a novel, $q$-deformed current-voltage model for memristors. We demonstrate that our model has a 4-14% lower error than the current state-of-the-art. Additionally, we show how the resulting $q$-parameter can be used to make statements about the internal makeup of the memristor, giving insights to spatial inhomogeneities.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, appendi

Capacitive coupling of coherent quantum phase slip qubits to a resonator

We demonstrate capacitive coupling of coherent quantum phase slip (CQPS) flux qubits to a resonator patterned on a highly disordered TiN film. We are able to detect and characterise CQPS flux qubits with linewidths down to $\Delta\omega = 12\pm1\,\text{MHz}$ on several resonator modes, and show that, unlike inductive coupling, here the coupling strength does not depend on the qubit’s energy. Since the qubit is galvanically decoupled from the resonator, our approach provides flexibility in material, design and fabrication choices for CQPS-based devices. Our results are two-fold: we report CQPS in TiN and demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, capacitive coupling of a CQPS flux qubit

Molten Chlorides as the Precursors to Modify the Ionic Composition and Properties of LiNbO3 Single Crystal and Fine Powders

Modifying lithium niobate cation composition improves not only the functional properties of the acousto- and optoelectronic materials as well as ferroelectrics but elevates the protonic transfer in LiNbO3-based electrolytes of the solid oxide electrochemical devices. Molten chlorides and other thermally stable salts are not considered practically as the precursors to synthesize and modify oxide compounds. This article presents and discusses the results of an experimental study of the full or partial heterovalent substitution of lithium ion in nanosized LiNbO3 powders and in the surface layer of LiNbO3 single crystal using molten salt mixtures containing calcium, lead, and rare-earth metals (REM) chlorides as the precursors. The special features of heterovalent ion exchange in chloride melts are revealed such as hetero-epitaxial cation exchange at the interface PbCl2-containing melt/lithium niobate single crystal; the formation of Li(1&minus;x)&nbsp;Ca(x/2)V(x/2)Li+&nbsp;NbO3 solid solutions with cation vacancies as an intermediate product of the reaction of heterovalent substitution of lithium ion by calcium in LiNbO3 powders; the formation of lanthanide orthoniobates with a tetragonal crystal structure such as scheelite as the result of lithium niobate interaction with trichlorides of rare-earth elements. It is shown that the fundamental properties of ion-modifiers (ion radius, nominal charge), temperature, and duration of isothermal treatment determine the products&rsquo; chemical composition and the rate of heterovalent substitution of Li+-ion in lithium niobate