Sensitivity analysis indicators of economic effectiveness

To the economist an investment is a set of activities in investment capital for the production of economic benefits. As it usually comes to investing large amounts of cash with uncertain results, investment decisions are always risky business decisions. The efficiency of investment projects is evaluated by using economic, financial, technological, ecological-environmental and other efficiency indicators. Finance is the application of economic principles and concepts to business decision making and problem solving. The field of finance can be considered to comprise three broad categories: financial management, investments and financial institutions. The financial analysis in it is broadest sense is analysis that has to do with budgets and finances over time. Within the analysis of the operation is perceived risk and return in order to make better decisions about investing or lending. Such analysis indicated the ability to see into the future, and it is therefore necessary to explain the past and provide a basis for projecting future earnings. The prime aim of this study is to create a model which will create new income opportunities for farmers and promote sustainable agricultural practices. But most important is to get the most realistic indicators of economic effectiveness of investments in the agricultural sector. By understanding these indicators, farmers shall be able to independently evaluate the economic effects of the investments on their business which shall contribute to improvement of their farm management and decision making skills. From the results which are generated by applying the methodology of sensitivity analysis, the conclusion is that in general these findings can help the farmers in terms of improving their planning, facilitate their decision making process and guide their financial health. Also this model allows to identify the investment opportunities, and provide the necessary information’s to facilitate a more efficient allocation and management of risk

Interrelationship of grain filling rate and other traits that affect the yield of wheat (triticum aestivum l.)

Knowledge of the relationship between grain yield and yield components is very important for efficient breeding for yield, considering that it is the most important economic trait and has a very complex mode of inheritance and low heritability. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation and the direct and indirect effects of grain filling rate and the traits that affect the yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 with 20 different varieties of common wheat. Weight and number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, plant height, duration and rate of grain filling were analyzed. Correlation coefficients were calculated as well as the direct and indirect effects of these traits on grain yield. Highly significant positive correlation was found between the rate of grain filling and 1000 grain weight, grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between 1000 grain weight and grain weight per spike. According to the path analysis, the duration of grain filling, grain filling rate and grain weight per spike showed a positive but not significant direct effect on grain yield. The plant height had the greatest direct negative effect on yield. According to the results, it was concluded that traits such as grain filling rate together with plant height, might be of importance as criteria in the selection of future breeding for yield in the particular agro-climatic conditions

Aspects of Regional Geothermal Water Use in Bulgaria

ABSTRACT Geothermal water in Bulgaria has only direct applications. Major types of direct utilization include balneology, space heating and air-conditioning, geothermal heat pumps, direct thermal water supply, greenhouses, and bottling of potable water and soft drinks. Electricity generation from geothermal water is not currently available in the country

The effect of sunn pest infested grains on wheat quality in different field conditions

In order to determine the effect of the number of grains infested with sunn pest (Eurygaster austriaca Schrk. and Emygaster maura L.) on the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we analyzed five commercial varieties of bread wheat grown in field conditions in 2003/2004 on ten localities in Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia. A range from 0.8% to 8.26% of infested grains was registered on the analyzed sites. Reduction of quality traits (protein content - PC, sedimentation value - SV1, modified sedimentation value - SV2, wet gluten content - WG and energy test - E) was observed in accordance to the number of infested grains (damaged grain - DG). Statistically significant differences were determined in the number of damaged grains and analyzed quality traits between localities, varieties and their interaction (locality x variety). Although there was significant variation for the PC, WG and SV1 between localities, it was not as high as for SV2 and E. Obtained by modified Zeleny test, SV2 is considered to be an objective parameter for determining the infested grains. Results of this study indicated a different intensity of bug attack in researched localities. In addition, there was a different reaction of varieties to the wheat bugs bite, which may be used in plant breeding programs for the improvement of bread wheat resistance against attack of bugs

Uticaj rokova, sorte i gustine setve na prinos zrna pšenice u 2010/11. godini

Investigation of the impact of sowing time and density on the yield of two winter wheat varieties was carried out at the experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in 2010/11. year, as part of long-term field experiment under the name of 'Sowing dates'. In the average for both cultivars and all four densities the highest grain yield of wheat was obtained in the first sowing date and was significantly higher only in relation to the third date. Grain yield showed a tendency to decrease with delayed sowing. Based on the equation of linear regression, it could be concluded that the calculated regression averaged grain yield by sowing dates is 635 kg ha-1. Analyzing the effects of increasing sowing density on grain yield, yield was increased to 500 viable kernels/m2, and then decreased with further increase in sowing density. Looking at the differences in grain yield between different varieties and at the same sowing density, it was observed that at densities of 300, 500 and 700 kernels/m2 yield of variety Zvezdana was slightly higher than at NS-40S, and only when the density of 900 kernels/m2 cultivar NS-40S achieve higher yields.Istraživanje uticaja vremena (rokova) i gustina setve na prinos dve ozime sorte pšenice izvedeno je na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima, u proizvodnoj 2010/11. godini, u sklopu dugotrajnog poljskog ogleda pod ustaljenim nazivom 'Rokovi setve '. U proseku za obe sorte i sve četiri gustine setve, najveći prinos zrna pšenice ostvaren je u I roku setve a bio je značajno veći samo u odnosu na III rok. Prinos zrna imao je tendenciju opadanja sa kašnjenjem u rokovima setve. Na osnovu jednačine linearne regresije, moglo se zaključiti da izračunato regresiono uprosečeno smanjenje prinosa zrna po rokovima iznosi 635 kg ha-1. Analizirajući efekte rastućih gustina setve na prinos zrna, prinos je rastao do 500 kl. zrna/m2, a zatim opadao sa daljim porastom gustina. Posmatrajući razlike u prinosu zrna između pojedinih sorti a pri istoj gustini setve, uočeno je da je pri gustinama od 300, 500 i 700 kl. zrna/m2 prinos sorte Zvezdana bio nešto veći u odnosu na NS-40S, dok je samo pri gustini od 900 kl. zrna/m2 sorta NS-40S ostvarila veći prinos

Varijabilnost agronomskih svojstava pšenice

In order to investigate variability of yield, number of grains per m2 and 1000 grain weight, it was selected 39 different genotypes of wheat. Field trial was set up at Rimski Sancevi in 2008/2009 season. On the basis of geting results we find out significant differences in yield, number of grains per m2 and 1000 grain weight among investigated genotypes. The highest averrage grain yield (9.25 t/ha) has had variety Dragana, and the lowest yield (3.08 t/ha) has had variety Banatka. The highest number of grains per m2 (51532) has had variety Sana, and the lowest number of grains per m2 (22360) has had variety Bankut 1205. The highest 1000 grain weight (57.1 g) has had variety KG 56, and the lowest 1000 grain weight (33.2 g) has had line NS3-5299/2. Positive but small correlation among studied traits show a large portion of ecological variance in total variation of investigated traits.U cilju ispitivanja varijabilnosti prinosa zrna, broja zrna po m2 i mase 1000 zrna odabrano je 39 genotipova pšenice različitog geografskog porekla, vremena nastajanja, različite dužine vegetacije i rodnosti. Ogled je izveden na Rimskim Šančevima u vegetacionoj sezoni 2008/2009. Ustanovljene su visoko značajne razlike između tretmana-ispitivanih genotipova za ispitivana svojstva. Najveći prosečan prinos zrna po ha imala je sorta Dragana, a najmanji sorta Banatka. Visoko značajno veći prinos od proseka ogleda, pored Dragane, imale su sorte: NS-40S, Prima, Sana, Apache i Zvezdana. Najveći broj zrna po m2 (51532) imala je sorta Sana, a najmanji broj zrna po m2 (22360) imala je sorta Bankut 1205. Najveću masu 1000 zrna (57.1 g) imala je sorta KG 56, a najmanju (33.2 g) imala je linija NS3-5299/2. Ustanovljene su pozitivne korelacije između ispitivanih svojstava

Povezanost između prinosa zrna i agronomskih osobina ozimog pivskog ječma

Grain yield is one of the most important and complex traits in cereal breeding and depends upon a combination of different plant traits. Therefore, an effective breeding program requires a proper understanding of the relationships between grain yield and agronomic traits. The objectives of this study were the evaluation of two-rowed winter malting barley genotypes and the perceiving of relationships among grain yield and their agronomic and quality traits. The trials with 19 two-rowed winter malting barley genotypes were conducted during three years. The relationships among plant lodging, height, thousand kernel weight, hectolitre mass, grain protein content and grain yield, were studied by PCA biplot analysis. The results showed that the influence of year, genotype and genotype by year interaction on barley grain yield were significant. Further, results indicate that two-rowed winter malting barley grain yield can be improved by selecting plants of average plant height with thousand kernel weight above 41.0 g and grain protein content of about 11.0 g 100-1g dm.Prinos zrna je jedna je od najznačajnijih i najsloženijih osobina u procesu oplemenjivanja strnih žita koja zavisi od većeg broja svojstava biljaka. Uspešni programi oplemenjivanja zahtevaju pravilno poznavanje povezanosti između prinosa i različitih agronomskih osobina. Cilj ovog ispitivanja je bila ocena genotipova ozimog pivskog ječma i asocijacija između pojedinih agronomskih osobina i prinosa zrna. PCA biplot analiza je korištena za proučavanja povezanosti između poleganja, visine, mase hiljadu zrna, hektolitarske mase, sadržaja proteina i prinosa zrna kod 19 genotipova ječma. Rezultati su pokazali značajan uticaj godine, genotipa i interakcije genotip-godina na ispitivane osobine ječma. Takođe, utvrđeno je da se prinos zrna ozimog pivskog ječma može unaprediti odabirom biljaka optimizovane visine otpornih na poleganje sa višom masom hiljadu zrna (preko 41,0 g) i nižim sadržajem proteina u zrna (oko 11,0 g 100-1g dm)

Uticaj različitih doza azota u prihranjivanju i gustine setve na prinos ozimog ječma

The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the effect of nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing and sowing density on the yield of five varieties of winter barley in 2012/2013. On average for five varieties of winter barley and five sowing densities, the highest grain yield was obtained in the control treatment with no N-fertilizer application. With increasing amounts of fertilizer, yields declined to the highest dose. The reason for this effect was climatic conditions during the year that favoured mineralization of organic matter in soil, so the effect of the applied N-fertilizer was missing. NS Pinon and NS Zitos obtained significantly higher yields compared to other varieties in the trial. As a consequence of varietal specificity for N use efficiency, reaction of examined genotype to N-fertilizers was different. The yield obtained at sowing densities of 150, 250 and 350 viable seeds m-2 (on average for all varieties and N doses), was not different, an did was significantly higher compared to the sowing densities of 450 and 550 viable seeds m-2, also as a result of weather conditions in a year of investigation.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi i kvantifikuje efekat đubrenja azotom u prihrani u interakciji sa gustinama setve na prinos pet sorti ozimog ječma u uslovima proizvodne 2012/2013. godine. U proseku za pet sorti ozimog ječma i pet gustina setve, najveći prinos zrna ostvaren je na kontrolnoj varijanti, bez primene N-đubriva u prihranjivanju. Sa povećanjem količina đubriva, prinos je opadao do najveće doze. Uzrok ovome bili su klimatski uslovi tokom godine koji su pogodovali mineralizaciji organske materije u zemljištu, te je efekat primenjenih N-đubriva izostao. Sorte NS Pinon i NS Zitos su postigle značajno veće prinose u odnosu na ostale sorte u ogledu. Kao posledica sortnih specifičnosti ispitivanih genotipova za iskorišćavanjem N i njihova reakcija na primenjene doze N u prihranjivanju je bila različita. Ostvareni prinos pri gustinama setve od 150, 250 i 350 kl. zrna m-2 (u proseku za sve sorte i doze N), nije se razlikovao, a bio je značajno veći u odnosu na setvu 450 i 550 kl. zrna m-2, takođe kao posledica specifičnih vremenskih uslova u ispitivanoj godini

Uticaj doza azota i gustine setve na prinos jarog ovsa

Due to its dietary properties and biologically highly valuable nutritive substances contained in the grain, oats are useful and important in human nutrition and as livestock feed. In comparison with all other small grains except rye, oats have low soil requirements. Although oats can be grown on poorly fertile soils, this crop performs much better on fertile soils. Effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing densities on yield performance of three spring oat cultivars (Novosadski golozrni, NS JO 0901 and Slavuj) have been studied at the experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The applied N rates were 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1, the sowing densities were 350, 450, 550 and 650 viable seeds/m2. Nitrogen was applied after oat emergence. The two-year average yield of oat grain was 4.11 t ha-1. Grain yield of oats was positively correlated with nitrogen rate applied. Since there was no statistically significant difference in grain yields obtained with 60 and 90 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N can be recommended for the agroecological conditions of Vojvodina. The cultivar NS JO 0901 achieved the highest yield (4.97 t ha-1). On average for all cultivars, the sowing density of 550 viable seeds/m2 provided highest yields. In relation to the hulled forms, the hulless form yielded less by 1.92 t ha-1 on average.Zbog svojih dijetetskih osobina i biološki visoko vrednih hranljivih materija sadržanih u zrnu, ovas je značajan kako u ljudskoj, tako i u ishrani stoke. Zahtevi ovsa u odnosu na mineralnu ishranu i zemljište u poređenju sa ostalim žitima, izuzev raži, su relativno mali, međutim veće prinose zrna ipak ostvaruje na plodnijim zemljištima i uz adekvatno đubrenje. Istraživanje efekata đubrenja različitim količinama azota i gustina setve na prinos tri sorte jarog ovsa (Novosadski golozrni, NS JO 0901 i Slavuj) izvedeno je na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Primenjene su doze azota od 0, 30, 60 i 90 kg ha-1, pri gustinama setve od 350, 450, 550 i 650 klijavih zrna/m2. Azot je primenjen posle nicanja ovsa. U ispitivanom dvogodišnjem periodu (2004 i 2005. god.) ostvaren je prosečan prinos zrna od 4,11 t ha-1. Prinos je bio u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa primenjenim količinama azota. Pošto nije postojala statistički značajna razlika u prinosu zrna između 60 i 90 kg N ha-1, za agroekološke uslove Vojvodine može se preporučiti primena 60 kg azota. Sorta NS JO 0901 je ostvarila najviši prinos (4,97 t ha-1). U proseku za sve sorte, najviši prinos je dobijen pri gustini setve od 550 klijavih zrna/m2. U odnosu na plevičaste, golozrna forma je u proseku dala niži prinos za oko 1,92 t ha-1

Komponente prinosa i prinos ozime pšenice u zavisnosti od nivoa đubrenja azotom, fosforom i kalijumom

The longest spikes were obtained in the variant with all three nutrients used in highest amount. Number of fertile spikelets were low in treatments without nitrogen applied, and absolutely lowest on variant only with P2. The largest number of fertile spikelets obtained on the triple fertilization variants with increased nitrogen rate. The smallest weight of grains per spike was obtained in a single fertilization with P and K, as well as the control treatment, and was the highest in the variants with most intensive fertilization with all nutrients. Also, the weight of 1000 grains was highest in balanced fertilization with all nutrients (N2P2K2), but similar values were obtained in all treatments where nitrogen was applied. Spike index and harvest index did not show special regularity at different levels of fertilization, but the values of both parameters were higher in treatments fertilized with all nutrients. The highest yield was achieved in the variant N3P2K2 (6.10 t ha-1), although the high yield of more than 5 t ha-1 was obtained and the other triple treatments where nitrogen is applied in the maximum amount, as well as variants with moderate doses of all nutrients.U stacionarnom ogledu dugog trajanja ('Večiti' ogled) na Rimskim Šančevima, u dvogodišnjem periodu ispitivan je efekat 12 varijanti đubrenja različitim kombinacijama doza N, P i K na prinos i komponente prinosa ozime sorte pšenice 'NS-40S'. Najduži klasovi dobijeni su na varijanti gde su sva tri hraniva upotrebljena u najvećoj količini. Broj plodnih klasaka bio je mali na varijantama gde nije primenjen azot, a apsolutno najmanji na varijanti đubrenja samo sa P2. Najveći broj plodnih klasaka dobijen je na varijantama trojnog đubrenja sa povećanom dozom azota. Najmanja masa zrna po klasu dobijena je pri pojedinačnom đubrenju sa P i K, kao i na kontrolnoj varijanti, a bila je najveća pri najintenzivnijem đubrenju sa sva tri hraniva. Takođe i masa 1000 zrna je bila najveća pri izbalansiranom đubrenju sa sva tri hraniva (N2P2K2), ali su slične vrednosti dobijene na svim varijantama gde je primenjivan azot. Indeks klasa i žetveni indeks nisu ispoljili posebnu pravilnost pri različitim nivoima đubrenja, ali su vrednosti oba parametra bile veće na varijantama gde je đubreno sa sva tri hraniva. Najveći prinos zrna postignut je na varijanti N3P2K2 (6,10 t ha-1), mada su visoki prinosi, iznad 5 t ha-1 dobijani i na ostalim trojnim varijantama gde je azot primenjen u najvećoj količini, kao i na varijanti sa srednjim dozama sva tri hraniva