15,512 research outputs found
Grade inflation in the assessment of clinical practice
Assessment of performance and achievement in the work place is integral to pre-registration midwifery programmes. The value of hands-on clinical care is so essential to midwifery practice that the professional regulatory body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), stated that practice should be graded and contribute to the final award (NMC, 2009). The NMC confirmed the importance of work based learning by stating that a minimum of fifty per cent of a full time course must be situated within the practice environment compared with a minimum of forty per cent in theory (NMC, 2008). Assessment of student performance will be a key component of any programme that has a large work based element (Wilson & Scammell, 2011). The grading of practice in midwifery at this institution contributes to half of the final grade and thus the overall degree classification (NMC, 2009). Assessment in healthcare education is becoming increasingly important for public accountability and safety (Holomboe et al, 2010). As educators, we must therefore seek to reassure ourselves, students, professional regulators and the public that the assessment processes we use are valid and reliable
A family of centered random walks on weight lattices conditioned to stay in Weyl chambers
Under a natural asumption on the drift, the law of the simple random walk on
the multidimensional first quadrant conditioned to always stay in the first
octant was obtained by O'Connell in [O]. It coincides with that of the image of
the simple random walk under the multidimensional Pitman transform and can be
expressed in terms of specializations of Schur functions. This result has been
generalized in [LLP1] and [LLP2] for a large class of random walks on weight
lattices defined from representations of Kac-Moody algebras and their
conditionings to always stay in Weyl chambers. In these various works, the
drift of the considered random walk is always assumed in the interior of the
cone. In this paper, we introduce for some zero drift random walks defined from
minuscule representations a relevant notion of conditioning to stay in Weyl
chambers and we compute their laws. Namely, we consider the conditioning for
these walks to stay in these cones until an instant we let tend to infinity. We
also prove that the laws so obtained can be recovered by letting the drift tend
to zero in the transitions matrices obtained in [LLP1]. We also conjecture our
results remain true in the more general case of a drift in the frontier of the
Weyl chamber
Optimal monetary policy and firm entry
This paper characterises optimal monetary policy in an economy with endogenous firm entry, a cash-in-advance constraint and preset wages. Firms must make profits to cover entry costs; thus the markup on goods prices is efficient. However, because leisure is not priced at a markup, the consumption-leisure tradeoff is distorted. Consequently, the real wage, hours and production are suboptimally low. Due to the labour requirement in entry, insufficient labour supply also implies that entry is too low. The paper shows that in the absence of fiscal instruments such as labour income subsidies, the optimal monetary policy under sticky wages achieves higher welfare than under flexible wages. The policy maker uses the money supply instrument to raise the real wage - the cost of leisure - above its flexible-wage level, in response to expansionary shocks to productivity and entry costs. This raises labour supply, expanding production and rm entry
Optimal monetary policy and firm entry. NBB Working Paper 178, October 2009
This paper describes optimal monetary policy in an economy with monopolistic competition, endogenous firm entry, a cash-in-advance constraint and pre-set wages. Firms must make profits in order to cover entry costs; thus a mark-up on goods prices is necessary. Without this mark-up, profits would be zero and no firm would enter the market, resulting in zero production. Therefore, the mark-up should not be removed. In this economy with market entrants, goods are more expensive than in a competitive economy with marginal cost pricing. This leads to a misallocation of resources, because leisure is not sold at a mark-up. Goods and leisure are two sources of utility that households trade off against each other. Thus, they may buy too much leisure instead of consumption goods. The consequence is that labour supply and production are sub-optimally low. Due to the labour requirement at market entry stage, insufficient labour supply also implies too little entry and too few firms in equilibrium. In the absence of fiscal instruments such as labour income subsidies, the optimal monetary policy under sticky wages achieves higher welfare than under flexible wages. The policy-maker uses the money supply instrument to raise the real wage - the cost of leisure - above its flexible-wage level, in response to expansionary shocks. This induces a rise in labour supply, more production of goods and more new firms
Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited - Input, Output and Throughput
Whether their analytic frameworks focus on institutional form and practices or on its interactive construction, scholars have analyzed the EUâs democratic legitimacy mainly in terms of the trade-offs between the output effectiveness of EUâs policies outcomes for the people and the input participation by and representation of the people. Missing is theorization of the throughput efficiency, accountability, transparency, and openness to consultation with the people of the EUâs internal governance processes. The paper argues that adding this analytic category facilitates assessment of these legitimizing mechanismsâ interdependencies and facilitates consideration of reforms that could turn this democratic trilemma into a virtuous circle.democracy; legitimacy; Europeanization; Europeanization
Optimal monetary policy and firm entry
This paper describes optimal monetary policy in an economy with monopolistic competition, endogenous firm entry, a cash-in-advance constraint and pre-set wages. Firms must make profits in order to cover entry costs; thus a mark-up on goods prices is necessary. Without this mark-up, profits would be zero and no firm would enter the market, resulting in zero production. Therefore, the mark-up should not be removed. In this economy with market entrants, goods are more expensive than in a competitive economy with marginal cost pricing. This leads to a misallocation of resources, because leisure is not sold at a mark-up. Goods and leisure are two sources of utility that households trade off against each other. Thus, they may buy too much leisure instead of consumption goods. The consequence is that labour supply and production are sub-optimally low. Due to the labour requirement at market entry stage, insufficient labour supply also implies too little entry and too few firms in equilibrium. In the absence of fiscal instruments such as labour income subsidies, the optimal monetary policy under sticky wages achieves higher welfare than under flexible wages. The policy-maker uses the money supply instrument to raise the real wage - the cost of leisure - above its flexible-wage level, in response to expansionary shocks. This induces a rise in labour supply, more production of goods and more new firmsentry, optimal policy
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