Utilização da casca de mandioca na dieta de ruminantes

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a casca de mandioca na dieta de ruminantes, sendo o primeiro com vacas em lactação e o segundo com ovinos fistulados. No experimento realizado com as vacas em lactação avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do milho pela casca de mandioca sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite e síntese de proteína microbiana. Oito vacas da raça Holandesa foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de quatro níveis de substituição do milho pela casca de mandioca (0, 33, 66 e 100%). A substituição do milho pela casca de mandioca diminuiu linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos, mas não alterou o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e proteína bruta. Também foi verificada diminuição linear para a produção de leite. Os componentes do leite (g/kg), gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais não foram influenciados. A concentração dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta não foi modificada, entretanto, alterou a concentração dos ácidos graxos de cadeia média e dos ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Os ácidos graxos insaturados não diferiram, já os ácidos graxos saturados apresentaram comportamento quadrático, assim como os ácidos graxos desejáveis. Com base nos resultados encontrados, a casca de mandioca desidratada não substituiu o milho para vacas em lactação. No experimento com os ovinos objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho pela casca de mandioca desidratada e moída, sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o pH e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e ácidos graxos voláteis no líquido ruminal e a dinâmica ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos da raça Santa Inês, com cânulas no rúmen. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram da substituição do milho pela casca de mandioca (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%). O consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes não foram alterados quando o milho foi substituído pela casca de mandioca. A substituição não alterou os valores de pH e as concentrações de N-NH3 ruminais. Não houve interação entre os níveis de substituição e os horários de coleta. Porém, tanto o pH quanto a concentração de N-NH3 foram influenciados pelos horários de coleta. Verificou-se influência da substituição na concentração molar de propionato e na relação acetato:propionato. Não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição sobre a massa ruminal de fibra em detergente neutro e de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível, bem como para as taxas de ingestão, digestão e passagem da fibra em detergente neutro. Diante dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o milho pode ser substituído pela casca de mandioca na dieta de ovinos.Two assays, respectively with milking cows and fistulated sheep, evaluated the cassava peel in ruminant diet. Experiment with milking dairy cows evaluated the effect of corn replacement by cassava peel on intake, digestibility, production, composition and profile of fatty acids in the milk and a synthesis of microbial protein. Eight cows were distributed in a 4 x 4 latin square design. Experimental treatments consisted of four corn replacement levels by cassava peels (0, 33, 66 and 100%). Corn replacement by cassava peel linearly decreased intake and the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fibrous carbohydrates, although the intake of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein was not changed. Linear decrease for milk production was also registered. Milk contents (g/kg), fat, protein, lactose and total solids were not altered. The profile of milk´s fatty acids was altered when corn was replaced by cassava peel. The concentration of short chain fatty acids was not affected by the replacement but it changed the concentration of middle chain and long chain fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids were not altered but saturated fatty acids were modified by the replacement. They had a quadratic behavior, similar to desirable fatty acids. Results show that cassava peels did not replace corn in milking cows. Assay with sheep evaluated the effect of the replacement of corn by dehydrated and ground cassava peel on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, pH and ammoniac nitrogen concentration (N-NH3) and volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquid and the ruminal dynamics of fibrous compounds. Five castrated Santa Inês sheep with cannulae in the rumen were used. The animals were randomly distributed in a 5 x 5 design. Experimental treatments consisted of replacement of corn by cassava peel (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Intake and digestibility of the nutrients were not changed when corn was replaced by cassava peel. Substitution did not alter pH and ruminal N-NH3 concentration. No interaction was extant between substitution levels and collection timetable. Replacement affected molar concentration of propionate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Replacement levels did not affect the ruminal mass of neutral detergent fiber and non-digestible neutral detergent fiber, ingestion rates, digestion and passage of neutral detergent fiber. Results show that corn may be replaced by cassava peel in sheep diet.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNP

Fontes alternativas de proteína para vacas em lactação

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar fontes alternativas de proteína para vacas em lactação, quanto ao consumo, digestibilidade, produção e composição do leite. Foram utilizadas oito vacas multíparas ¾ (Holandez/Gir), distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4 simultâneos. Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias (14 dias de adaptação e 7 dias de coleta de dados e amostras). Foram avaliadas três fontes proteicas, farelo de algodão (FA), farelo de soja semi-integral (FSSI), mazoferm e o farelo de soja (FS) como testemunha. Quando o mazoferm foi utilizado, observou-se menor consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e nutrientes digestíveis totais em relação ao FS. A produção de leite foi menor para os animais que receberam mazoferm em relação aos que consumiram FS. O teor de gordura no leite não diferiu e a produção de gordura foi menor para os animais que receberam FA e mazoferm em relação ao FS. Com relação ao percentual de proteína no leite, quando fornecido FSSI verificou-se menor teor em comparação ao FS. Os animais alimentados com FA apresentaram menor teor de sólidos totais no leite quando comparados com os que receberam FS. A eficiência alimentar foi maior para os animais que receberam mazoferm e a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio foi menor para os que receberam FA quando comparado com FS. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi menor para os animais que receberam a dieta com mazoferm, com exceção da digestibilidade dos carboidratos não-fibrosos que não diferiu com relação a dieta com FS. A digestibilidade da PB foi maior para as dietas com FA e FSSI em relação a dieta com FS. Baseado no consumo de matéria seca e desempenho dos animais, recomenda-se a substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão e farelo de soja semi-integral.It was evaluated in this work alternative sources of protein for lactation cows, about the intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition. Eight cows multiparous ¾ (Holandez / Gir) were distributed in two 4 x 4 latin squares, simultaneous. Each experimental period lasted 21 days (14 days for adaptation and seven days to collect data and samples). Were evaluated three protein sources, cottonseed meal (CM), soybean semi integral (SBSI), mazoferm and soybean meal (SBM) as witness. When mazoferm was used was observed smaller intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients compared to SBM. Milk yield was lower in animals received mazoferm compared with fed SBM. The fat content in milk no differed and yield fat was lower for the animals that received CM and mazoferm compared to SBM. With respect to the percentage of milk in protein, when it was provided SBSI was observed lower content compared to SBM. Animals fed CM presented lower total solids in milk compared with those receiving SBM. Feed efficiency was greater for animals fed diets with mazoferm e nitrogen use efficiency was lower for those receiving CM compared with SBM. Nutrient digestibility was lower for animals fed diets with mazoferm, except for digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrate which did not differ with respect to diet with SBM. Digestibility crude protein was greater for diets with CM and SBSI compared the diet with SBM. Based on dry matter intake and animal performance, is recommended the replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal semi integral.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNP

<b>Nutritive value of diferents silage sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> L. Moench) cultivares</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i2.12853

<p class="aresumo">Nutrition values of silages from different sorghum cultivars are evaluated. Five 26-kg castrated crossbred lambs, housed in pens equipped with feces and urine collectors for the study of their metabolism, were employed in a 5 x 5 Latin square experimental design. Treatments consisted of silage from five different sorghum cultivars: IPA 1011 and IPA 2564 (grain sorghum), IPA 2502 (dual purpose sorghum), IPA FS-25 and IPA 467 (forage sorghum). Protein level was corrected to 12% by adding a mixture of urea: ammonium sulfate (9:1). Treatments IPA 1011, IPA 2564 and IPA 2502 provided high intake of dry matter, total carbohydrate and total digestible nutrients, and low intake of neutral detergent fiber. Cultivars IPA 1011 and IPA 2564 provided high apparent crude protein digestibility coefficient, whereas cultivars IPA 1011 and IPA 2564 had high total digestible nutrient levels. All cultivars provided positive nitrogen. Owing to nutrient intake and digestibility values, grain sorghum silages evidenced high potential in ruminant nutrition.</p

Protein sources for crossbred dairy cows in the semiarid

Alternative sources of protein for lactating cows were evaluated in this study with respect to intake, digestibility, milk yield and milk composition. Eight multiparous Holstein/Gyr cows were simultaneously distributed in two 4 × 4 latin squares. Each experimental period lasted 21 days (14 days for adaptation and seven days to collect data and samples). Three protein sources, cottonseed meal, semi-integral soybean meal and corn steep liquor were evaluated and soybean meal was used as a control. When the corn steep liquor was used, lower intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients were observed compared with soybean meal. Animals that consumed corn steep liquor had a lower milk yield than those fed soybean meal, and no treatment effect on the milk fat content was detected. Animals that consumed cottonseed meal and corn steep liquor had a lower fat yield than those fed soybean meal. Feeding with semi-integral soybean meal decreased the milk protein percentage compared with soybean meal. Nutrient digestibility was lower for cows fed diets with corn steep liquor, except for crude protein digestibility, which was higher for animals fed cottonseed meal and semi-integral soybean meal compared with those fed soybean meal. Based on the dry matter intake, milk yield and milk components, soybean meal can be replaced with semi-integral soybean meal

Methods of storing cactus pear genotypes for animal feeding

The objective of this study was to evaluate storage methods of cactus pear as a way of conservation for use in animal feeding. The randomised experimental design composed twelve treatments and three replications. Three cactus pear genotypes, Nopalea cochenillifera genotype Doce and Baiana and Opuntia tuna genotype Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM), were stored in natura (0, 30 and 60 days after harvest) and as silage. There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) on the chemical and mineral composition of the material stored in natura versus silage. OEM cactus pear presented the highest crude protein content when stored in natura for 0, 30 and 60 days. The highest lignin content was observed in cactus pear OEM when stored in natura for 30 and 60 days after harvest. Macro- and micronutrient contents were within the recommended ranges for ruminant feeding regardless of the cactus pear genotype and storage method. The cactus pear genotypes Doce and Baiana, and genotype OEM can be stored as silage and in natura form for up to 60 days after harvest without compromising the quality of the feed for ruminants. Keywords: chemical composition, forage conservation, Nopalea cochenillifera, Opuntia tuna, silag

Babassu mesocarp flour in diet of finishing lambs

Twenty crossbred lambs (21.6 ± 3.5 kg BW) were used in a completely randomised design to determine the effects of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) on performance and ingestive behaviour. The treatments were defined by the increase in concentrations (0, 10, 20 or 30%, in DM basis) of BMF in the diet. When significant treatments effects were found, orthogonal polynomials for treatment responses were determined by linear and quadratic responses (p < .05). To determine the in situ ruminal degradability of the diets used in performance trial, one rumen-fistulated Santa Inês male sheep (63 kg BW) was used in a completely randomised design in a split splot arrangement with three replications (three periods of incubation) in times 3, 6, 24 and 72 h. Data from potential degradability (PD), dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability for diets and the incubation time were compared by t-test (p < .05). Negative quadratic effect was observed upon nutrients intake, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake. The average daily gain, body condition score, feeding efficiency of DM and time spent in feeding decreased linearly with BMF addition. The BMF decreased the soluble fraction (a) potentially degradable fraction (b) PD, effective degradability of DM and CP and the NDF degradability. The addition of BMF in diets of sheep had negative effects on performance, feed efficiency of DM and degradability of DM, CP and NDF. However, the BMF can be used in diets, during the conventional grains off-season, at concentration up to 10.5% as alternative feed. Highlights • The mesocarp produced from industrialization of the babassu coconut has a great content of fiber and lignin. • The great content of fiber associated to decrease in degradation of fiber and potential degradability in DM and CP reduced the performance of lambs. • Although the reduction of the performance, BMF can partially replace the corn in diets of lambs in periods that the price of this ingredient is great