Exercise training improves sleep pattern and metabolic profile in elderly people in a time-dependent manner

Aging and physical inactivity are two factors that favors the development of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and sleep dysfunction. in contrast, the adoption a habitual of moderate exercise may present a non-pharmacological treatment alternative for sleep and metabolic disorders. We aimed to assess the effects of moderate exercise training on sleep quality and on the metabolic profile of elderly people with a sedentary lifestyle. Fourteen male sedentary, healthy, elderly volunteers performed moderate training for 60 minutes/day, 3 days/week for 24 wk at a work rate equivalent to the ventilatory aerobic threshold. the environment was kept at a temperature of 23 +/- 2 degrees C, with an air humidity 60 +/- 5%. Blood and polysomnographs analysis were collected 3 times: at baseline (1 week before training began), 3 and 6 months (after 3 and 6 months of training). Training promoted increasing aerobic capacity (relative VO2, time and velocity to VO(2)max; p < 0.05), and reduced serum NEFA, and insulin concentrations as well as improved HOMA index (p < 0.05), and increased adiponectin levels (p < 0.05), after 3 months of training when compared with baseline data. the sleep parameters, awake time and REM sleep latency were decreased after 6 months exercise training (p < 0.05) in relation baseline values. Our results demonstrate that the moderate exercise training protocol improves the sleep profile in older people, but the metabolism adaptation does not persist. Suggesting that this population requires training strategy modifications as to ensure consistent alterations regarding metabolism.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilCtr Estudo Psicobiol Exercicio, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Dept Internal Med, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biociencia, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Fisiol, Disciplina Fisiol Nutr, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biociencia, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Fisiol, Disciplina Fisiol Nutr, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

The effect of combined physical training on the cognitive functions in the health elderly

Among the changes associated with aging there is a cognitive decline. However, a healthy life style, such as physical exercise seems to generate a protective effect against this cognitive decline. The literature has shown that both aerobic and the resistance exercise, when practiced in isolation seem to result in benefits to cognition. Yet it is not described if the combination of both methods would result in the same benefit. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined training on cognitive function in health elderly. Were select thirty-three elderly subjects who were randomly divided into two groups: Control (N = 17) and Combined (N = 16). The control group was instructed to maintain their usual activities and the combined group participated in a training program composed by aerobic and resistance exercise, three times per week on alternate days for a period of six months. Both groups underwent a physical assessment (spirometry and testing of 1 Repetition Maximum - 1RM), cognitive (through neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures), mood, quality of life and blood tests (Insulin-like growth factors type 1- IGF-1 - and blood viscosity) at the beginning and the end of the protocol. The results showed that in the physical assessments, both oxygen consumption (p = 0.01) and 1RM (p = 0.001), the experimental group after training showed a significant difference when compared to the control group. The variables relating to body composition also showed significant differences after the intervention, causing a decrease in fat mass (p = 0.016) and an increase in fat-free mass (p = 0.016). Moreover, the same type of comparison, the combined group, after a period of six months, performed better in the following tests: Rey Complex Figure and Taylor (p = 0.01); Toulouse, which obtained a percentile in the quality (p = 0.045); Similarities (p = 0.003); and Sum of all the attempts to test Verbal Associated Pairs (p = 0.043). There were no statistical differences in the other analysis. Thus, the conclusion is that the combined training can increase both strength and aerobic capacity in healthy elderlies, affecting an improvement in the ability of abstraction, inhibitory control, short-term memory and learning regardless of serum IGF-1 and blood viscosity.Entre as alterações inerentes ao envelhecimento pode-se observar o surgimento do declínio cognitivo. Contudo, uma vida saudável com a prática de exercícios físicos parece gerar um efeito protetor contra o declínio cognitivo nos idosos. Segundo a literatura, tanto os exercícios aeróbios quanto os resistidos, quando praticados isoladamente, parecem beneficiar a cognição. Contudo, ainda não foi descrito se a combinação de ambas as modalidades acarretaria o mesmo beneficio. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos que o treinamento combinado traria para a função cognitiva de idosos saudáveis. Foram selecionados trinta e três idosos saudáveis que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o Controle (N = 17) e o Combinado (N = 16). O grupo controle foi orientado a manter as suas atividades habituais, e o combinado participou de um programa de treinamento composto por exercícios físicos aeróbio e resistido, três vezes por semana, em dias alternados, por um período de seis meses. Os idosos, no início e ao final do protocolo, foram submetidos a avaliações físicas (ergoespirometria e teste de 1 Repetição Máxima - 1RM), cognitivas (por meio de medidas neuropsicológicas e neurofisiológicas), de humor, e de qualidade de vida, e também a análises sangüíneas (Fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina - IGF-1- e viscosidade do sangue). Os resultados demonstraram que nas avaliações físicas, tanto no consumo de oxigênio (p=0,01) quanto na 1RM (p=0,001), o grupo experimental, após o treinamento, apresentou uma diferença significativa em relação ao grupo controle. As variáveis relativas à composição corporal também tiveram diferenças significativas após a intervenção, ocorrendo uma diminuição da massa de gordura (p=0,016) e um aumento da massa livre de gordura (p=0,016). Além disso, no mesmo tipo de comparação, o grupo combinado, após um período de seis meses, apresentou um melhor desempenho nos seguintes testes: Figura Complexa de Rey e Taylor (p=0,01); Toulouse, no qual obtiveram um percentil maior na qualidade (p=0,045); Semelhanças (p=0,003); e Soma de todas das tentativas no teste de Pares Verbais Associados (p=0,043). Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas demais análises. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o treinamento físico combinado foi capaz de aumentar a força e a capacidade aeróbia de idosos saudáveis, tendo ocorrido também uma melhora na habilidade de abstração, no controle inibitório, na memória de curto prazo e na aprendizagem,TEDEBV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertaçõe

The effect of physical training and fish oil consumption in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in children/adolescents. These individuals have difficulties in executive functions, in attention, and in behavior that compromise their daily lives. Although pharmacological treatment is widely used, some parents are still seeking for a non-drug alternative for their treatment. In this sense, the literature has shown that the type of environment and lifestyle have a strong influence on health (physical and mental). Among these habits are the eating and the physical exercise. Modern society has diminished both the consumption of omega-3 and the practice of physical activity, which seems to be extremely harmful to the population. These habits appear to be critical in childhood because this is the phase when the development of the central nervous system occurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise training and the consumption of fish oil on behavior, cognitive functions and serum levels of IGF-1, BDNF, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in children. We selected 47 children with behavioral profile of ADHD, male, aged between seven and 14 years. The volunteers were randomly divided into four groups: Control Group (CG), Training Group (TG), Omega Group (OG), and Training + Omega Group (TOG). The treatment lasted three months. The TOG, OG groups received 1.1 g of fish oil, twice a day, and the CG and TG received identical capsules, but containing mineral oil. The study was double-blind about the capsules intake. The TG and TOG groups did the physical training with multiples components, three times a week, one hour per day in a moderate intensity. At the beginning and at the end of the protocol, behavior, cognitive functions and blood assessments were conducted. The Omega Group had lower symptoms of ADHD; decreased the number of errors and increased the time to make an error and the percentile in the selective attention evaluation; decreased the time to perform the board 3 and time to make an error on the board 2 in the Stroop test, and also increased the number of correct responses in the subtest Symbol Search after the treatment. The Training Group showed a greater level of activity and total skills at the end of treatment. The TOG showed a decrease in the deficiency of essential fatty acids scale, symptoms of inattention, total ADHD symptoms, symptoms of sluggish cognition and post-traumatic stress problems; and an increase in academic performance after the treatment. With regard to blood analysis, the OG and TOG groups showed a significant increase in serum levels of DHA and EPA, and a decrease of the AA/DHA and AA/EPA ratios at the end of treatment. Both the Control Group and the Training Group increased IGF-1 levels compared to the initial value. There were no significant differences for IL-10, IL-6, TNF alpha and BDNF variables. Thus we can conclude that treatment with fish oil improved the inhibitory control, selective attention, ADHD symptoms, and daily activities (useful pragmatism), and increased the serum levels of DHA and EPA and decreased the AA/DHA and AA/EPA ratios. Physical training improved ADHD symptoms, daily activities (useful pragmatism) and increased serum levels of IGF-1. The combination of the two treatments improved (according to the parents) attention, ADHD symptoms, school performance, sluggish cognition symptoms, post-traumatic stress problems, PUFA deficiency symptoms, and increased serum DHA and EPA and decreased the AA/DHA and AA/EPA reasons. However, these improvements did not seem to be mediated by changes in pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, IGF-1 or BDNF. The improvement in the inhibitory control in the group that received fish oil seems to be related to increase of DHA serum.O transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) é um dos transtornos mais prevalentes entre crianças/adolescentes. Estas crianças/adolescentes apresentam alterações para manter a atenção, funções executivas e comportamento que comprometem a sua vida diária. Apesar de o tratamento medicamentoso ser bastante utilizado, alguns pais ainda buscam alternativas não medicamentosas para seu tratamento. Neste sentido, a literatura tem demonstrado que o tipo de ambiente e o estilo de vida têm forte influência sobre a saúde (física e mental). Dentre estes hábitos estão a alimentação e a prática de exercícios físicos. A sociedade moderna tem diminuído tanto o consumo de ômega-3 quanto tem cada vez mais diminuído as atividades físicas, o que parece ser extremamente prejudicial para a população. Estes hábitos parecem ser fundamentais desde a infância, uma vez que esta é a fase em que ocorre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento físico e da administração de óleo de peixe sobre o comportamento, funções cognitivas e os níveis sérios de IGF-1, BDNF, TNF-? IL-6 e IL-10 em crianças com perfil comportamental de TDAH. Foram selecionadas 47 crianças com TDAH, do sexo masculino, com idade entre sete e 14 anos. Os voluntários foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos: Grupo Controle (GC), Grupo Treinamento (GT), Grupo Ômega (GO), e Grupo Treinamento + Ômega (GTO). O tratamento teve a duração de três meses. Os grupos GO e GTO receberam 1,1 g de óleo de peixe, duas vezes ao dia e os grupos GC e GT cápsulas idênticas, porém contendo óleo mineral. O estudo foi duplo-cego em relação à ingesta das cápsulas. Já os grupos GT e GTO realizaram o treinamento físico com múltiplos componentes, três vezes por semana, uma hora por dia em uma intensidade moderada. No início e ao final do protocolo foram realizadas avaliações comportamentais, sanguíneas e das funções cognitivas. O Grupo Ômega apresentou uma menor gravidade de TDAH; diminuiu o número de erros, aumentou o tempo até cometer um erro e o percentil na avaliação da atenção seletiva; diminuiu o tempo para realização da prancha 3 e o tempo até cometer um erro na prancha 2 no teste Stroop; e aumentou o número de acertos no subteste Procurar Símbolos após o tratamento. O Grupo Treino apresentou um valor maior nível de atividades e total de competências ao final do tratamento. O Grupo TO apresentou uma diminuição nos valores referentes à escala de deficiência de ácidos graxos essenciais, dos sintomas de desatenção, a gravidade do total de sintomas de TDAH, dos sintomas de lentidão cognitiva e de problemas de estresse pós-traumático e um aumento no desempenho escolar ao final do tratamento. Com relação às analises sanguíneas os grupos Ômega e TO demonstraram um aumento significativo nos níveis sérico de DHA e EPA, e uma diminuição das razões AA/DHA e AA/EPA ao final do tratamento. Tanto o Grupo Controle quanto o Grupo Treino aumentaram os níveis de IGF-1 se comparado ao valor inicial. Não houve diferenças significativas para as variáveis IL-10, IL-6, BDNF e TNF alfa. Desta forma podemos concluir que o tratamento com óleo de peixe melhorou os sintomas do TDAH, o controle inibitório, atenção seletiva, e as atividades diárias (pragmatismo útil), enquanto aumentou os níveis séricos de DHA e EPA e diminuiu as razões AA/DHA e AA/EPA. O treinamento físico melhorou os sintomas de TDAH, as atividades diárias (pragmatismo útil) e aumentou os níveis séricos de IGF-1. Já a combinação dos dois tratamentos melhorou (segundo os responsáveis) a atenção os sintomas do TDAH, o desempenho escolar, a lentidão cognitiva, os sintomas de estresse pós-traumático e os sintomas relacionados à deficiência de AGE, além de aumentar os níveis séricos de DHA e EPA e diminuir as razões AA/DHA e AA/EPA. Entretanto estas melhoras não parecem ser mediadas por alterações das citocinas pró ou anti-inflamatórias, xv IGF-1 ou BDNF. Já a melhora no controle inibitório no grupo que recebeu óleo de peixe parece estar relacionada ao aumento do DHA sérico.Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP: 2011/08387-6Dados abertos - Sucupira - Teses e dissertações (2013 a 2016

Effects of low doses of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder of children: A systematic review

Since attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presents high prevalence among children, science has been researching alternative forms of treatment that do not involve medication. Objective: To evaluate the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: We reviewed the articles published between 1980 and 2012 indexed in the databases PubMed, APA psychNET, Scopus and Web of Knowledge. Results: Initially 231 articles were selected, out of which 12 met the inclusion criteria. The articles selected reported a modest cognitive and behavioral improvement of the patients after treatment with low doses of PUFAs. Those results might be associated with the evaluation methodology, the doses of PUFAs administered or the duration of treatment. © 2013 Bentham Science Publishers.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

The relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and executive function among individuals with schizophrenia: differences by illness duration

Objective: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Cognitive impairment continues to be a core and consistent deficit. Previous studies have shown that physical activity (PA) is positively associated with cognitive performance. Thus, it may play a supportive role in mitigating cognitive impairments among individuals with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and executive function among adults with schizophrenia. Methods: The weekly amount of MVPA (assessed using accelerometers) and executive function (as per Brief Neurocognitive Assessment for Schizophrenia) of 78 adults with schizophrenia (mean [SD] age 42.4 [11.4] years; illness duration 17.0 [11.0] years; 58.2% male) were assessed in this cross-sectional study. Pearson correlations were calculated, followed by a linear regression. Participants were first analyzed together and then dichotomized on the basis of illness duration. Results: There was no significant association between MVPA and executive function, independent of the duration of illness. For individuals with < 15 years of illness, there was a significant association between weekly MVPA and working memory performance. Conclusion: PA appears to be associated with executive function in some, but not all, individuals with schizophrenia

Possible Cognitive Benefits of Acute Physical Exercise in Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review

Objective: Studies have suggested that even a single session of physical exercise enhances executive functions. ADHD is among the most common developmental disorders in childhood, but little is known about alternative treatments for this disorder. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to analyze articles that evaluated the executive functions of children with ADHD after an acute exercise session. Method: We reviewed articles indexed in the PubMed, American Psychiatric Association (APA) psychNET, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge databases between 1980 and 2013. Results: Of 231 articles selected, only three met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Based on these 3 articles, we concluded that 30 min of physical exercise reportedly improved the executive functions of children with ADHD. Due to the small number of articles selected, further studies are needed to confirm these benefits.FAPESP [2011/08387-6]AFIPCNPqUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, Rua Napoleao de Barros 925, BR-04024002 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed ABC, Ctr Math Comp & Cognit, Santo Andre, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, Rua Napoleao de Barros 925, BR-04024002 Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc