The Use of Real Estate for the Settlement of Claims in Roman Palestine

The Mishna in Tractate Gittin discusses land qualities, in a context where land is used to settle monetary obligations. The law is that land of different qualities must be used to pay claimants in different situations; in particular, claimants pursuant to a tort case have the right to have their claim paid with land of the best quality. Creditors have the right to be paid with land of medium quality, while women who are owed money as part of a ketuba (marriage contract) claim may have to be satisfied with land of the lowest quality. However, the total value of the land received by each claimant is just the amount they are owed it is independent of the quality of the land that is used to pay them. This being the case, the purpose of the legislation is unclear. In this paper, I explore the possibility that the law is designed to minimize the total amount of transactions costs.Land markets, Law, religion and economics, Market microstructure, mishna, sasanian babylonia, Talmud

Formulation, optimization and characterization of Betaxolol hydrochloride proniosomes using 3-2 factorial design

The revolution in nanotechnology has lead to the development of various dosage forms such as vesicular drug delivery and in particular liposomes, niosomes, proniosomes, aquasomes, bilosomes etc. The disad-vantages exhibited by the liposomes, niosomes can be overcome through introduction of proniosomes which are compact liquid crystalline structures and convert to niosomes upon hydration. The investigation is focused on development and optimization of Betaxolol proniosomes using three square factorial design technique with the aid of design expert 11.0 ® trial version. The optimization technique prefers choles-terol and span 60 as independent variables and drug content, vesicular size, and entrapment efficacy as dependent variables. The design generated total 13 formulations among which F10 exhibited 98.1% drug content and 97.3% of entrapment efficacy. In view of other parameters, F10 exhibits 6.5 pH, 3.8 ve-sicular size and follows diffusion mechanism with anomalous drug transport. Hence, the obtained results specify that F10 is optimized and can be opted for commercialization

The Recursion Method Applied to the T=0 Dynamics of the 1D s=1/2 Heisenberg and XY Models

The frequency‐dependent spin autocorrelation functions for the 1D s=1/2 Heisenberg and XY models at zero temperature are determined by the recursion method. These applications further demonstrate the efficacy of a new calculational scheme developed for the termination of continued fractions. A special feature of the recursion method highlighted here is its capability to predict the exponent of the infrared singularities in spectral densities

Dynamical Properties of Quantum Spin Systems in Magnetically Ordered Product Ground States

The one‐dimensional spin‐s XYZmodel in a magnetic field of particular strength has a ferro‐ or antiferromagnetically ordered product ground state. The recursion method is employed to determine T=0 dynamic structure factors for systems with s=1/2, 1, 3/2. The line shapes and peak positions differ significantly from the corresponding spin‐wave results, but their development for increasing values of s suggests a smooth extrapolation to the spin‐wave picture

Dynamics of Semi-infinite Quantam Spin Chains at T = ∞

Time-dependent spin autocorrelation functions and their spectral densities for the semi-infinite one-dimensiona ls=1/2 XY and XXZ models at T=∞ are determined in part by rigorous calculations in the fermion representation and in part by the recursion method in the spin representation. Boundary effects yield valuable new insight into the different dynamical processes which govern the transport of spin fluctuations in the two models. The results obtained for the XXX model bear the unmistakable signature of spin diffusion in the form of a square root infrared divergence in the spectral density

Dynamics of Semi-infinite Quantam Spin Chains at T = ∞

Time-dependent spin autocorrelation functions and their spectral densities for the semi-infinite one-dimensiona ls=1/2 XY and XXZ models at T=∞ are determined in part by rigorous calculations in the fermion representation and in part by the recursion method in the spin representation. Boundary effects yield valuable new insight into the different dynamical processes which govern the transport of spin fluctuations in the two models. The results obtained for the XXX model bear the unmistakable signature of spin diffusion in the form of a square root infrared divergence in the spectral density

Some applications of randomized algorithms for control system design

In this paper a few “difficult” problems related to simultaneous stabilization of three plants (equivalent to a certain problem related to unit interpolation in H∞) have been addressed through the framework of randomized algorithms. These problems which were proposed by Blondel (Simultaneous Stabilization of Linear Systems, Springer, Berlin, 1994) and Blondel and Gevers (Math. Control Signals Systems 6 (1994) 135) concern the existence of a controller

Adoption of Collaboration Technologies: Integrating Technology Acceptance and Collaboration Technology Research

This paper integrates the technology acceptance model (TAM) with constructs from collaboration technology research to present a model of collaboration technology use. Specifically, constructs in four sets of characteristics—technology, individual and group, task, and situational—drawn from various media choice theories are presented as determinants of the TAM constructs of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitude toward using collaboration technology. The model was tested among 349 short message service (SMS) users in Finland. The model was largely supported, with the most significant findings being the effects of the four technology characteristics—social presence, media richness, immediacy, and concurrency—on the TAM constructs. In addition to making an important contribution by integrating two of the more dominant streams of information systems research, the model presented here is focused on a specific class of technology—i.e., collaboration technology—and, therefore, answers recent calls for developing models that deepen our understanding about the technology artifact

Effectiveness of Resistance Training on the Strength of Scapulo-humeral Muscles and Abdominals in Male Volley Ball Players

Background: Volleyball is a sportive modality that requires strength in the upper and lower extremities along with the trunk musculature. The improvement of muscular strength is very important along with agility and flexibility for a volleyball player. Aim of the study to find the effectiveness of resistance training on the strength of scapulo-humeral muscles and abdominals in male volley ball players. Objectives of this study is find out the effect of resistance training on the strength of the scapulo-humeral muscles by measuring peak torque by using an isokinetic dynamometer and to find out the effect of resistance training on strength of abdominals through 1RM test. Methods: A group of 30 male volleyball players who have fulfilled the inclusion criteria were assigned into two groups control and experimental groups each consisting of 15 subjects. The subjects of the experimental group underwent resistance training under my supervision and the subjects of the control group done the same protocol unsupervised for 6 weeks. Results: There was significant improvement in the strength of scapula-humeral muscles and abdominals in the experimental group when compared to the control group when the pre and post intervention values were measured (p=0.05). Conclusion: Resistance training under supervision of the therapist resulted in significant improvement in strength of the scapulo-humeral muscles and abdominals in the male volleyball players