Comparative Analysis of AODV DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols for VANET City Scenario

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RISE AND FALL IN SARS-COV-2 GLOBAL PANDEMIC STRAIN RATE–AN OVERVIEW

After its discovery in Hubei in China in December 2019, the deadly rise of modern coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV) has spread globally. SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19 has quickly spread worldwide, posing a serious threat to health and the economy. As of 25th January 2021, more than 100 million confirmed cases of 2,165,581 deaths have been reported by WHO and Worldometer. Many of the cases reported are caused by infection from human to human and are the carriers of this lethal coronavirus. Due to its calamitous nature, the whole world was under lockdown restricting all sorts of movements and means of transportation in hampering the countries economic balance. Presently, the world's endeavor to create and develop a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is bearing the fruit. A handful of vaccines now have been authorized around the globe and many more remain in the development phase. In addition, social isolation and knowledge of hygiene (facial masks and sanitizers) are potential methods of controlling the further dissemination of global pandemics COVID-19. This research article presents a brief overview of the catastrophic effect caused by COVID-19 disease globally and particularly in different states of India. Additionally, the article also discusses the recent variant of SARS-CoV-2 and its vulnerable impact. Furthermore, the article investigates the currently available vaccines and those in their development phase for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. This investigatory literature may provide comprehensive details on COVID-19 disease from its inception to grow and later fall in its strain rate

Estimation of plant nitrogen content using digital image processing

A manually operated four wheel test trolley was designed and developed for acquiring outdoor color images of plant under controlled illumination to predict crop nitrogen content in field.  This set up consists of a camera to capture the plant image, four lights to control illumination and a laptop for processing the signal.  The developed unit was evaluated rigorously for paddy crop for four observations at fifteen days interval after transplantation.  The results were compared with the chlorophyll content of the crop measured by SPAD meter and the chemical analysis of plant leaf.  The processing of the color plant image was done in MATLAB 7.0 program.  Various features such as R, G, B, normalized ‘r’ and normalized ‘g’ were analyzed for both the processes.  Regression models were developed and evaluated between various image feature and the plant nitrogen content and observed that, the minimum accuracy was found to be 65% with an average accuracy of 75% (Standard Deviation +1.9), actual and predicted values of nitrogen percent were linearly correlated with R2 value (0.948), this showed that the plant nitrogen content can be successfully estimated by its color image feature.   Keywords: precision agriculture, digital image processing, site specific nitrogen applicatio

Dielectric study of Clove oil

Dielectric properties of clove oil were determined using an impedance gain phase analyzer (HP 4194 A) at discrete frequencies between 10 kHz and 3 MHz and a range of temperature between 25 °C and 45 °C. A micro processor controller based temperature controller (Julabo F-25) was used for keeping the temperature of clove oil constant. Dielectric constant of the sample is found to decrease with increase in frequency and temperature, while dielectric loss decreases with increase in frequency but increases with increase in temperature. Penetration depth has been calculated with the help of dielectric data and is found to decrease with increase in frequency. Keywords: Dielectric constant, Dielectric loss, Penetration depth, Clove oi

Magnetic Nanoparticle Aggregation and Complete De-Encapsulation of Such Aggregates from a Liquid Drop Interior

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been extensively used for drug delivery, on-demand material deposition, etc. In this study, we demonstrate the capability to extract MNPs on-demand from a magnetic nanoparticle laden drop (MNLD) (i.e., a drop of stable aqueous dispersion of MNPs) suspended inside a highly viscous polymer (PDMS) medium in the presence of an external applied magnetic field. The phenomena involve the aggregation of MNPs inside the drop and the consequent extraction of the MNPs out of the drop with the drop retaining its original shape post-extraction. We define this latter phenomenon as de-encapsulation. This is the first study, which to the best of our knowledge, demonstrates such a removal of NPs from the interior of a drop (where the NPs, which were originally inside the drop, breach the drop interface, and get completely separated from the drop) without any permanent deformation of the drop. We further discuss how the changes in the MNP concentration and the drop volume affect the de-encapsulation distance (i.e., the distance between the drop and the location of the magnet, at the time instant when the particles leave the drop) and identify the volume of the aggregates extracted from the drop along with the mechanisms causing such de-encapsulation. We propose a theory to describe the process; our theoretical predictions capture the experimental trends well. Overall, our results in addition to demonstrating the first-of-its-kind de-encapsulation of NPs from drop interior, demonstrate a method to control the dynamics, extraction, and targeted deposition of MNPs

An Apparatus of increased precision for the Measurement of Electro-Optical parameters of Liquid Crystals

<p>The ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) are demanding high attention now a day, because of their potential applications in many electro-optical devices, particularly in displays. The suitable applications of FLCs in devices are decided by their electro-optical properties like tilt angle, birefringence and spontaneous polarization. In this paper  we are presenting a new apparatus for highly accurate measurement of electro-optical parameters of FLCs. The accuracy of the apparatus is the best among the currently available equipments in the market. The accuracy and performance of the apparatus has been confirmed by performing the experiments on standard ferroelectric liquid crystals.</p

Study of dielectric properties of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum)

The present paper studied the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and ac conductivity of fenugreek seed, a medicinal seed (Trigonella foenum graecum), within the frequency range of 10 kHz and 10 MHz and the temperature range of 300C and 500C. Impedance gain/phase analyser (HP 4194 A) was used to measure the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss and Julabo (temperature controller, F-25, Germany)  was used for keeping the temperature of fenugreek seeds constant.  It was found that the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss decrease with the increase in the frequency while the same increase with the increase in temperature and moisture content. The ac conductivity increased with the increase in frequency, moisture and temperature

An exploration of nanomaterials for environmental remediation

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The widespread use of fossil fuels in residential and industrial sectors has led to significant emissions of gaseous pollutants, presenting a substantial risk to the environment and human beings. Therefore, the development of cost-effective air purification technologies is of utmost importance. Among the several technologies available, catalytic oxidation is one of the most promising options for achieving this objective. Catalysts based on CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, which exhibit unique morphologies, have considerable interest due to their environment-friendly nature, surface binding flaws, exceptional redox capabilities, and notable oxygen storage capacity. Furthermore, the morphologies of these catalysts play a role in influencing the valence state of the element, the presence of defect sites, and the acid-base characteristics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Consequently, CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-based catalysts have been widely employed to mitigate atmospheric contaminants. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and utilization of CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-based catalysts featuring unique morphologies, including hollow, cubic, rod-like, and others. Subsequently, a thorough analysis is conducted to elucidate these catalysts' benefits and underlying mechanisms in the context of air pollutant abatement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt