Bottlenecks in the coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the coverage of the first and second intifada in the Flemish press

Various authors suggest that the public's knowledge of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is inadequate. As it is generally accepted that public opinion on international news items is mainly formed by media content, the international media are often held responsible for sustaining the prevailing misconceptions about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by covering the conflict parties in a biased and imbalanced way. This study focuses on the representation of Israelis and Palestinians in the news coverage of the First and Second Intifada by the Flemish press. By way of a content analysis evolutions and discrepancies in the coverage of both Intifadas are described in a longitudinal analytical perspective. We conclude that the portrayal of the Palestinian actors shifts from a rather positive view during the First Intifada period to a more critical portrayal during the period of the Second Intifada. At the same time, there is an opposite move in the representation of the Israeli actors in the conflict. Although our results show differences in the distinct portrayals, they do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude unequivocally that the coverage of the First and Second Intifada is imbalanced. Indeed, we find that while some variables definitely favour the Israeli point of view (e.g. the use of sources), others clearly sustain the Palestinian side (e.g. the individualisation of victims). In other words, the Flemish dailies cover the First and Second Intifada in quite a balanced way, contrary to what international studies on the coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict have concluded regarding the media in different national settings

Gut microbiota and sirtuins in obesity-related inflammation and bowel dysfunction

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation with alterations in gut motility. Motor abnormalities suggest that obesity has effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls virtually all gut functions. Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota can affect obesity and increase inflammatory tone by modulating mucosal barrier function. Furthermore, the observation that inflammatory conditions influence the excitability of enteric neurons may add to the gut dysfunction in obesity. In this article, we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of gut microbiota and inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related gastrointestinal dysfunction. The potential contribution of sirtuins in protecting or regulating the circuitry of the ENS under inflamed states is also considered

Reducing susceptibility to powdery mildew in apple and grapevine through silencing of MLO genes

Powdery mildew (PM) is a major fungal disease for apple and grape that requires a huge amount of chemicals to be controlled. Specific homologs of the MLO gene family act as PMsusceptibility genes, since their loss-of-function mutations ended up in durable and broad-spectrum resistance in several crops. PM pathogenesis is linked to a pathogen-dependent up-regulation of specific members of the MLO gene family during early stages of infection and, since they are negative regulator of plant defense pathways, their up-regulation impair the defenses of the host. The silencing or knock-out of up-regulated MLO genes led to resistance in Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, pepper, barley and wheat. Pleiotropic phenotypes are sometimes associated to mlo mutants, like early senescence-like leaf chlorosis under non-optimal growth condition. Using RNAi, four grape MLO genes and two apple MLO genes were silenced to obtain resistance respectively to Erysiphe necator (grape) and Podosphaera leucotricha (apple). Grape and apple transgenic lines have been tested for resistance to PM causal agent, showing variable levels of resistance, from moderate to very high, without deleterious phenotypic effects. The most resistant grape and apple transgenic lines have been selected for further characterization, with a particular focus on gene expression and microscop