Avaliação de casas de vegetação para fins quarentenarios de flores, com diferentes graus de automação

Orientador : Paulo Ademar Martins LealDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgricolaMestrad

Pressões De Contato E O Impacto De Conjuntos Motomecanizados Em Latossolo Com Presença E Ausência De Palhada De Cana-de-açúcar

High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine’s axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil. © 2016, Federal University of Lavras. All rights reserved.40326527

Pressões de contato e o impacto de conjuntos motomecanizados em Latossolo com presença e ausência de palhada de cana-de-açúcar

High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine's axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil.403265278Altas pressões de contato aplicadas ao solo resultam em um maior grau de compactação deste, além de promover outros efeitos maléficos. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar as áreas e pressões de contato de conjuntos motomecanizados empregados na atividade sucroalcooleira e avaliar as alterações estruturais proporcionadas em um Latossolo Vermelho com e sem cobertura de resíduos vegetais (palha). O delineamento empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial do tipo 4 (pneu acoplado no eixo dianteiro, pneu acoplado no eixo traseiro, pneu acoplado a um transbordo agrícola canavieiro e esteira metálica de colhedora de cana de açúcar) x 2 (com e sem palha na superfície). A área de contato (CA) dos rodados foi obtida por três procedimentos: medida analítica da área de uma elipse (CA1); medida digital da área de uma elipse (CA2); e medida da área de contato real (RCA), com recursos digitais. A pressão de contato foi calculada a partir da relação da massa dos eixos de cada conjunto motomecanizado e a respectiva área de contato do rodado. A área de contato obtida de acordo com o procedimento da elipse (CA1 e CA2) é superestimada quando comparada área real, obtida digitalmente (RCA). Os resíduos vegetais diminuem a pressão de contato na interface rodado-solo, devido ao maior aprofundamento das garras do rodado e por consequência, aumento da área de contato. Áreas onde o tráfego das máquinas ocorreu com solo coberto de palha apresentaram menor resistência do solo à penetração, índice de cone e pressão de pré-consolidação, confirmando que o aumento da área de contato produzida pela palha reduziu a pressão aplicada e dissipou a energia de compactação no solo.||High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine's axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil

Agri-environmental diagnostic and rehabilitation in a stretch of a hydrographic basin assessed by remote sensing and water turbidity

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar erosões em bacia hidrográfica e avaliar práticas conservacionistas de manejo do solo para a recuperação da degradação, por meio do monitoramento de indicadores de qualidade de água e por imagens de satélites. O monitoramento, por um período de 14 anos, foi realizado em 14.076 ha da bacia do Rio do Peixe, selecionada por ser a mais degradada do Estado de São Paulo, que abrangem 176 propriedades agrícolas exploradas basicamente com pastagens e café. Destas, 82 apresentaram algum tipo de erosão, além de 12 trechos de estradas municipais que contribuíram com processos erosivos nas áreas agrícolas. As práticas de manejo conservacionista do solo e da água implantadas em 86 propriedades da bacia permitem alteração positiva da paisagem e de rendimento da atividade agrícola, mudança comprovada pelas imagens aéreas e pelos indicadores de qualidade da água. A metodologia apresentada de monitoramento e de reabilitação agroambiental é viável e pode contribuir para o manejo e o monitoramentode microbacias.The objective of this work was to diagnose erosions in a hydrographic basin and to evaluate conservationist soil management practices for degradation recovery, by monitoring water quality indicators and satellite images. Monitoring was done for 14 years in 14,076 ha of the basin of Rio do Peixe, which was selected for being the most degraded one in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, circumscribing 176 farms, basically explored with pastures and coffee. Out of these farms, 82 showed some kind of erosion, besides 12 stretches of municipal roads that contributed to the erosion processes in the agricultural areas. The conservationist soil and water management practices established in 86 of the farms at the basin allow positive changes on the landscape and on the income from agricultural activity, which were shown in the aerial photos and by the water quality indicators. The adopted monitoring and agri-environmental rehabilitation methodologies are viable and may contribute to managing and monitoring microbasins

Podridão em cravo causada por Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora no Brasil.

De fevereiro a abril de 1999, coletaram-se estacas e mudas de cravo (Dianthus caryophyllus) em propriedades dos municípios paulistas de Atibaia e Santo Antônio de Posse. Esse material apresentava sintomas caracterizados por não-emissão de raízes ou por podridão de raízes, colo e folhas basais, diferindo daqueles da doença denominada "slow wilt" e dos de escurecimento de vasos e necrose na região do colo, haste e folhas, já relatados em cravo. A partir de material com tais sintomas, isolaram-se bactérias, caracterizadas, mediante testes bioquímicos, culturais, fisiológicos e de patogenicidade, como Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Trata-se do primeiro relato desse patógeno em cravo no Brasil

Load Support Capacity Of An Oxisol Cultivated With Sugarcane And Mechanization Effects On The Soil

The objective of this work was to determine the load support capacity (LSC) of an Oxisol and, through compressibility models, relate it to wheel-soil interactions under management systems with one and three sugarcane crop cycles, with mechanized harvest. LSC evaluations were carried out on undisturbed soil samples, collected at planting row and bed, in four layers: 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.300.40 m. The contact area between wheels and soil was determined in order to estimate the contact pressure by agricultural machinery on the soil. Pre-consolidation pressures were used to determine LSC. The system with three cycles showed higher LSC than the system with only one cycle. The load support capacity of the soil evaluated in the range of friability is greater than the contact pressures applied to the soil by the wheels of the studied agricultural machines.50432233