44 research outputs found
Plasma heating due to X-B mode conversion in a cylindrical ECR plasma system
Extra Ordinary (X) mode conversion to Bernstein wave near Upper Hybrid
Resonance (UHR) layer plays an important role in plasma heating through
cyclotron resonance. Wave generation at UHR and parametric decay at high power
has been observed during Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) heating experiments
in toroidal magnetic fusion devices. A small linear system with ECR and UHR
layer within the system has been used to conduct experiments on X-B conversion
and parametric decay process as a function of system parameters. Direct probing
{\em in situ} is conducted and plasma heating is evidenced by soft x-ray
emission measurement. Experiments are performed with hydrogen plasma produced
with 160-800 W microwave power at 2.45 GHz of operating frequency at
mbar pressure. The axial magnetic field required for ECR is such that the
resonant surface (B = 875 G) is situated at the geometrical axis of the plasma
system. Experimental results will be presented in the paper.Comment: 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, 25-29 October 2004,
Nice (France
AN EFFICIENT LOAD BALANCING CLUSTERING SCHEME FOR DATA CENTRIC WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Clustering is an efficient approach to capitalize the energy of energy constraint sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. Clustering schemes do not guarantee formation of clusters with equal number of nodes. So data frames transmitted by the nodes vary. TDMA schedule of nodes of smaller cluster is smaller than others that results more number of data frames and hence more energy consumption. The non uniform energy consumption of nodes affects the load balancing of network and these nodes are more prone to die earlier than others. In this paper, an improved scheme for cluster head selection is proposed. Clusters having variable frame slots for nodes are applied to E-LEACH and improved E-LEACH to make the cluster more load balanced. Simulation is carried out in NS-2 to analyze the performance of E-LEACH and improved E-LEACH with variable frame length. Variable frame slot scheme for clusters is also measured with the varying distance of base station from the field. Simulation results show that clustering with variable frame length has an improvement of 7% in node death rate over E-LEACH and an improvement of 9% in node death rate over improved ELEACH. Results suggest that variable frame length scheme improves the performance of clustering schemes for WSNs and have most significant result at base station located at 75m from the field
In vivo antioxidant potential of lepidium sativum l. Seeds in albino rats using cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity
The present study was designed to investigate to possible potential nephrocurative, nephroprotective activity and in vivo antioxidant potential of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg ethanolic extract of Lepidium sativum L. seeds was use to against cisplatin (5mg/kg, i.p.) induced nephrotoxicity. The experimental protocol designed as the animals were divided into six groups (n=6) like control, model control, two curative (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg), and two protective groups (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, were received vehicle, cisplatin, cisplatin + extract, and extract + cisplatin respectively. After 6th days, blood collected from retro-orbital sinus of rats and determined urea and creatinine level in serum of each group after then rats were sacrificed for quantitative estimation of various enzymes and ATPase content in kidney tissue. A single dose of cisplatin induced loss in body weight, increase urine excretion, increased urea & creatinine level in serum; it was significantly recovered by 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg in curative and protective groups. The enzyme estimation in kidney tissue it found that increase malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione level, it was significantly monitored by 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg in curative and protective groups. These are defined as vivo antioxidant potential. The level of brush border enzymes like Na+ / K+ ATPase, Ca++ ATPase and Mg++ATPase were found significantly reduced after single dose cisplatin injection. It was overcome by treatment of same extract in curative and protective groups. Finally it is concluded that the present study data conformed nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin due oxidative stress and ethanolic extract of Lepidium sativum L. seeds may have nephroprotective and curative activity.Keywords: Cisplatin; Nephrotoxicity; urea; creatinine; glutathione; Lipid peroxidatio
In vivo antioxidant potential of lepidium sativum l. Seeds in albino rats using cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity
The present study was designed to investigate to possible potential nephrocurative, nephroprotective activity and in vivo antioxidant potential of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg ethanolic extract of Lepidium sativum L. seeds was use to against cisplatin (5mg/kg, i.p.) induced nephrotoxicity. The experimental protocol designed as the animals were divided into six groups (n=6) like control, model control, two curative (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg), and two protective groups (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, were received vehicle, cisplatin, cisplatin + extract, and extract + cisplatin respectively. After 6th days, blood collected from retro-orbital sinus of rats and determined urea and creatinine level in serum of each group after then rats were sacrificed for quantitative estimation of various enzymes and ATPase content in kidney tissue. A single dose of cisplatin induced loss in body weight, increase urine excretion, increased urea & creatinine level in serum; it was significantly recovered by 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg in curative and protective groups. The enzyme estimation in kidney tissue it found that increase malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione level, it was significantly monitored by 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg in curative and protective groups. These are defined as vivo antioxidant potential. The level of brush border enzymes like Na+ / K+ ATPase, Ca++ ATPase and Mg++ATPase were found significantly reduced after single dose cisplatin injection. It was overcome by treatment of same extract in curative and protective groups. Finally it is concluded that the present study data conformed nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin due oxidative stress and ethanolic extract of Lepidium sativum L. seeds may have nephroprotective and curative activity.Keywords: Cisplatin; Nephrotoxicity; urea; creatinine; glutathione; Lipid peroxidatio
Fresnel zone plates for Achromatic Imaging Survey of X-ray sources
A telescope with Fresnel Zone Plates has been contemplated to be an excellent
imaging mask in X-rays and gamma-rays for quite some time. With a proper choice
of zone plate material, spacing and an appropriate readout system it is
possible to achieve any theoretical angular resolution. We provide the results
of numerical simulations of how a large number of X-ray sources could be imaged
at a high resolution. We believe that such an imager would be an excellent tool
for a future survey mission for X-ray and gamma-ray sources which we propose.Comment: 4 Pages, 5 Figures, Proceeding of the 2nd Kolkata Conference on
"Observational Evidence for the Black Holes in the Universe", Published in
AIP, 200
Fresnel zone plate telescopes for X-ray imaging II: numerical simulations with parallel and diverging beams
We present the results of simulations of shadows cast by a zone plate
telescope which may have one to four pairs of zone plates. From the shadows we
reconstruct the images under various circumstances. We discuss physical basis
of the resolution of the telescope and demonstrate this by our simulations. We
allow the source to be at a finite distance (diverging beam) as well as at an
infinite distance (parallel beam) and show that the resolution is worsened when
the source is nearby. By reconstructing the zone plates in a way that both the
zone plates subtend the same solid angles at the source, we obtain back high
resolution even for sources at a finite distance. We present simulated results
for the observation of the galactic center and show that the sources of varying
intensities may be reconstructed with accuracy. Results of these simulations
would be of immense use in interpreting the X-ray images from recently launched
CORONAS-PHOTON satellite.Comment: 17 pages, 36 figures, Published in Experimental Astronom
Instruments of RT-2 Experiment onboard CORONAS-PHOTON and their test and evaluation III: Coded Aperture Mask and Fresnel Zone Plates in RT-2/CZT Payload
Imaging in hard X-rays of any astrophysical source with high angular
resolution is a challenging job. Shadow-casting technique is one of the most
viable options for imaging in hard X-rays. We have used two different types of
shadow-casters, namely, Coded Aperture Mask (CAM) and Fresnel Zone Plate (FZP)
pair and two types of pixellated solid-state detectors, namely, CZT and CMOS in
RT-2/CZT payload, the hard X-ray imaging instrument onboard the CORONAS-PHOTON
satellite. In this paper, we present the results of simulations with different
combinations of coders (CAM & FZP) and detectors that are employed in the
RT-2/CZT payload. We discuss the possibility of detecting transient Solar
flares with good angular resolution for various combinations. Simulated results
are compared with laboratory experiments to verify the consistency of the
designed configuration.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in Experimental
Astronomy (in press
MENCA experiment aboard Indiaβs Mars Orbiter Mission
The Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) aboard the Indian Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a quadrupole mass spectrometer-based experiment. Making use of the highly elliptical and low inclination (~150Β°) orbit of MOM, MENCA will conduct in situ measurements of the composition and radial distribution of the Martian neutral exosphere in the 1β300 amu mass range in the equatorial and low latitudes of Mars. The functionality of MENCA has been tested during the Earth-bound and heliocentric phases of MOM before its operation in the Martian orbit. This article describes the scientific objectives, instrument details, design and development, test and evaluation, and calibration of the MENCA instrument
Comparative Lipidomics in Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans Reveal Crosstalk between Mitochondria, Cell Wall Integrity and Azole Resistance
Prolonged usage of antifungal azoles which target enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis invariably leads to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Candida albicans. We had earlier shown that membrane lipids and their fluidity are closely linked to the MDR phenomenon. In one of our recent studies involving comparative lipidomics between azole susceptible (AS) and azole resistant (AR) matched pair clinical isolates of C. albicans, we could not see consistent differences in the lipid profiles of AS and AR strains because they came from different patients and so in this study, we have used genetically related variant recovered from the same patient collected over a period of 2-years. During this time, the levels of fluconazole (FLC) resistance of the strain increased by over 200-fold. By comparing the lipid profiles of select isolates, we were able to observe gradual and statistically significant changes in several lipid classes, particularly in plasma membrane microdomain specific lipids such as mannosylinositolphosphorylceramides and ergosterol, and in a mitochondrial specific phosphoglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol. Superimposed with these quantitative and qualitative changes in the lipid profiles, were simultaneous changes at the molecular lipid species levels which again coincided with the development of resistance to FLC. Reverse transcriptase-PCR of the key genes of the lipid metabolism validated lipidomic picture. Taken together, this study illustrates how the gradual corrective changes in Candida lipidome correspond to the development of FLC tolerance. Our study also shows a first instance of the mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and defective cell wall (CW) in clinical AR isolates of C. albicans, and provides evidence of a cross-talk between mitochondrial lipid homeostasis, CW integrity and azole tolerance