Hyper Spectral Image Segmentation and Classification Using Least Square Clustering Based on FODPSO

The spatial analysis of the image detected and acquired by a satellite provides less accurate information on a remote location. Hyperspectral images are one of the images detected remotely, they are superior to multispectral images that provide spectral information. detailed information is one of the important requirements in many areas, such as military, agriculture, etc. The FODPSO classifier algorithm is used with the grouping technique of least squares for image segmentation. The 2D adaptive filter is proposed to eliminate the noise of the hyperspectral image detected and captured in order to eliminate the noise of the spot. Denoising the hyperspectral image (HSI) is an essential pre-processing step to improve the performance of subsequent applications

A Survey on: Hyper Spectral Image Segmentation and Classification Using FODPSO

The Spatial analysis of image sensed and captured from a satellite provides less accurate information about a remote location. Hence analyzing spectral becomes essential. Hyper spectral images are one of the remotely sensed images, they are superior to multispectral images in providing spectral information. Detection of target is one of the significant requirements in many are assuc has military, agriculture etc. This paper gives the analysis of hyper spectral image segmentation using fuzzy C-Mean (FCM)clustering technique with FODPSO classifier algorithm. The 2D adaptive log filter is proposed to denoise the sensed and captured hyper spectral image in order to remove the speckle noise

Seroprevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus among Rural Population: Insights into Infection Rates and Immune Status: Pilot Study

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly affecting infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals, with a substantial global burden of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of RSV among a rural population in Karad Taluka, India, an area where RSV data is scarce due to its predominantly urban focus. Ethical approval was obtained, and written informed consent was collected from participants' parents or legal guardians Blood samples were collected from individuals aged 16 months to 5 years residing in rural areas, and IgM RSV-specific antibodies were detected to identify recent infections using SERION enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, demographic information and clinical history were collected through a structured questionnaire. The data were entered into an electronic database, and seroprevalence was calculated based on the proportion of individuals with positive serological results. The study revealed that by the age of 3 years, 81.0% of children exhibited IgM seropositivity to RSV, with a cumulative seroprevalence of 72% in the entire study population. The seroprevalence varied with age, demonstrating an ongoing RSV activity within the community, as evidenced by the high IgM positivity. However, as children grew older, a decline in IgM positivity was observed, possibly due to protective antibodies developed from previous exposures or a longer time elapsed between RSV exposure and sample collection in older children. These findings underscore the vulnerability of young infants to RSV and the need for early protection in India. It highlights the importance of considering timing and age-appropriate administration of RSV vaccines in vaccination strategies, as well as the potential limitations of maternal immunization in protecting preterm infants. Understanding RSV seroprevalence in rural areas is crucial for guiding public health interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the impact of this virus on vulnerable populations, particularly young children who are at the highest risk

Disease Prevalence Due to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) and Molecular Nature of G Gene in Different Geographical Region of India: 2005-2022

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading pediatric respiratory pathogen with high morbidity in the first year of life. The morbidity is particularly high in developing countries. it is the most common cause of infant hospitalization and causes a high burden of disease in the elderly. India is a country with vast geographical differences their unique climatic conditions. So, the prevalence of human RSV in different geographical regions is partially understood for a long time.  This review was performed by using a different search engine like Google schooler, PubMed, etc. Significant prevalence and specific RSV virus strain circulation were major keywords used for the search in the Indian pediatric population. Annual incidence rates of RSV–associated hospitalization per 1000 children were highest among infants aged 0–5 months, followed by ages 6–23 months, and lowest among children 24–59 months. hRSV was a substantial cause of hospitalization among children aged < 24 months especially those aged <6 months. Prevalence varies from 2.1% to 44% in different geographical regions. hRSV has a more broadly distributed peak timing. numerous studies of the correlation between climatic factors and hRSV incidence across latitudes found variable and inconsistent correlations between hRSV incidence & temperature, and relative humidity in different parts of the tropical region.However, genotypes ON1, NA1, GA5, and GA2 in the hRSV-A group and group hRSV-B BA, BA9, and BA12 were predominantly circulated in India

Regulation of CGRP Expression in an in Vivo Model of Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation

Peripheral release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from sensory trigeminal ganglion neurons contributes to neurogenic inflammation within the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and central release of CGRP mediates pain and central sensitization. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents on CGRP levels within trigeminal ganglion. Initially, neurons innervating the TMJ were localized within the ganglion by retrograde labeling using True Blue. Next, immunohistochemistry was used to identify CGRP and transit receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) expressing neurons within the entire trigeminal ganglion vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) expressing neurons within the entire trigeminal ganglion. Almost all CGRP containing neuronal cells (\u3e90%) also expressed TRPV1, a marker of sensory C-fibers that mediate pain transmission. Injection of capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, caused an ipsilateral decrease in CGRP levels in the posterior third of the ganglion after 2 hr. This decrease was attenuated by overnight pretreatment with a concentrated cocoa bean extract, enriched in polyphenolic compounds. Injection of the nitric oxide (NO) donor SNP at pH 5.5 caused an ipsilateral increase in CGRP levels after 24 hr that was blocked by pretreatment with polyphenolic compound catechin. In addition, Overnight treatment with SB 203580 repressed NO/proton stimulation at 24 hr. In conclusion, data from our study supports the use of this in vivo model to more thoroughly investigate the cellular and the molecular mechanisms that control CGRP synthesis and release from trigeminal ganglion neurons under normal, pathological, and therapeutic conditions

Design, Development and In Vitro Characterization of Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Irbesartan: Design, Development and In-vitro Characterization of Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System

The objectives of present investigations were to optimize concentration of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant by pseudoternary phase diagrams and to develop a stable formulation of self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) in order to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly soluble Irbesartan (IBS) by SEDDS. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the self emulsifying region. Four self emulsifying formulations were prepared using mixture of Capryol 90 as oil, Tween 80 as surfactant and PEG 400 as cosurfactant in various proportions. Optimized liquid SEDDS formulations were converted into free flowing powder by spray drying technique and evaluated for drug content, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Zeta potential analysis, Particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy(SEM),in vitro dissolution study and in vitro diffusion study. The results suggested that considerabl improvement in the dissolution rate of drug from optimized SEDDS formulation was attributed to decreased crystallinity, altered surface morphology and reduction in particle size. Optimal formulation of irbesartan SEDDS were successfully developed in this work. The study illustrated that potential use of SEDDS dispense lipid soluble drug by oral route

Preparation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Albendazole Using Different Concentrations of Super-Disintegrant

Anthelmintic medications are anticipated to act more quickly and have greater absorption. Mouth-dissolving albendazole tablets were created using a direct compression approach and a mixture of super disintegrants to accomplish rapid disintegration of the tablets in the oral cavity. The preparation of ten batches of mouth-dissolving tablets using different grades of Kollidon, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, and croscarmellose sodium as super disintegrants produced the greatest results. For a compatibility investigation, FTIR was used to characterize the drug and physical mixture. An optimization technique was used to forecast the most effective formulation out of all the prepared combinations. All the physical characteristics of the tablet are within the limit. All preformulation results indicated good flow properties. Disintegration time and drug content of the F4 batch were found to be 28 seconds and 95.69%, respectively. In vitro release of the drug was performed in a phosphorus buffer pH 6.8 for 40 min, in which F4 shows maximum drug release. Based on the stability studies, it was confirmed that the optimized formulation remained at accelerated stability conditions. It was discovered that the mouth-dissolving tablet exhibits effective drug release

A Comparative Analysis of Adaptive Contrast Enhancement Equalization Techniques

Histogram equalization is a most widely used method for contrast enhancement. It is both effective and simple. But the standard histogram equalization many times results in change of brightness of the complete image. Many applications including consumer electronics can’t afford this change in the original brightness of the image. To preserve the original brightness, new contrast enhancement schemes like bi-histogram equalization (BHE), recursive mean-separate histogram equalization (RM.SHE), clipped histogram equalization (CHE) and gaincontrollable clipped histogram equalization (GC-CHE) are introduced [1]. These methods are analysed in this paper, along with existing standard histogram equalization method. The above mentioned schemes not only perform equalization but also preserve the original brightness of the image. The GC-CHE scheme uses controllable gain clipped histogram equalization which takes into account the mean brightness of the image to calculate clipping rate and the clipping threshold. The rate of clipping is controlled adaptively for contrast enhancement which preserves the mean brightness. It is found that under various conditions, the GC-CHE method performs better than the other equalization methods. Index Terms - bi-histogram equalization (BHE), recursive meanseparate histogram equalization (RMSHE), gain-controllable clipped histogram equalization (GC-CHE

An Exceptional Case of Liver-Restricted High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Clinical History of HBV and HCV Coinfections

Primary hepatic lymphomas (PHLs) are exceedingly rare. Many reported cases are associated with various viral serologies, and some viruses may be implicated in lymphomagenesis through emerging, though as-of-yet uncertain, mechanisms. A review of the literature reveals previously reported cases of PHL, some of which support the potential roles of the hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) in the development of PHL. We describe an exceptional case of primary hepatic high-grade B-cell lymphoma, discovered at autopsy, in a patient whose clinical history is significant for coinfection with both HBV and HCV. Additionally, attempts at cytogenetic testing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) autopsy tissues, which we performed approximately ten years after the original autopsy, led us to question the utility of older tissue blocks in molecular and some immunohistochemical assays

ANALYSIS OF PAPR IN IFDMA SYSTEMS USING NORM TECHNIQUE

Interleaved Frequency Domain multiple access (IFDMA) utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain equalization and has similar performance as of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and has been adopted for the uplink communications in release 8 LTE. But it is sensitive to non-linear effects duo to the high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal .The reduction in PAPR is required in order to achieve better BER performance and more power efficiency. This paper presents an Reduced maximum complexity Max Norm algorithm [1] for reducing the PAPR in IFDMA signals .This method does not require the transmission of the side information to the receiver, which improves the utilization of bandwidth. The result has been shown using complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) plot and also have been compared with PAPR of IFDMA signals without implementing RCMN technique and which shows that the PAPR of IFDMA signals with RCMN technique have lower PAPR compared to IFDMA signals without using RCMN technique