Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice

Abstract: Background: The alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic training and overtraining on DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells in Swiss mice. To examine possible changes in these parameters with oxidative stress, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in total blood, and GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in muscle samples. Results: Performance evaluations (i.e., incremental load and exhaustive tests) showed significant intra and inter-group differences. The overtrained (OTR) group showed a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail compared with the control (C) and trained (TR) groups. GSH levels were significantly lower in the OTR group than in the C and TR groups. The OTR group had significantly higher lipid peroxidation levels compared with the C and TR groups. Conclusions Aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters can be improved in training at maximal lactate steady state during 8 weeks without leading to DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells or to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. However, overtraining induced by downhill running training sessions is associated with DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells, and with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells and total blood.The present work received financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP - process numbers 2011/02652-0 and 2010/08239-4). We are grateful for the support provided by Mr. Guilherme F. Alves and Luís A. L. Filho

In vitro and in vivo activities of guajiru fruit (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation biomarkers

O guajiru (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) é um fruto rico em antocianinas, as quais exercem vários efeitos benéficos à saúde. Embora as folhas do guajiru sejam utilizadas na medicina popular como hipoglicemiante e antioxidante, os efeitos do fruto na saúde permanecem inexplorados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do fruto do guajiruzeiro sobre danos ao DNA e estresse oxidativo in vivo e inflamação in vitro e in vivo. Ratos machos Wistar (4-5 semanas, 110 g) foram divididos em oito grupos e tratados por 14 dias com água ou fruto do guajiruzeiro liofilizado (100, 200 ou 400 mg/kg p.c.) por gavagem. No 14º dia, os animais receberam solução fisiológica ou DXR (15 mg/kg p.c. i.p.) e foram eutanasiados após 24 horas. A genotoxicidade e antigenotoxicidade foram avaliadas pelo ensaio do cometa em sangue periférico, fígado, rins e coração. A mutagenicidade e antimutagenicidade foram investigadas pelo teste do micronúcleo em medula óssea e sangue periférico. O burst oxidativo foi avaliado em neutrófilos do sangue periférico. Parâmetros de estresse oxidativo envolveram: concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, razão glutationa reduzida e oxidada e atividade da catalase em fígado, rins e coração. As expressões de genes de dano/reparo de DNA Gadd45a (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible alpha), Parp1 (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1) e Xrcc2 (X-Ray Repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 2) e dos marcadores pró-inflamatórios Il-1? (interleukin 1 beta), Il-6 (interleukin 6), Nf-kb (nuclear factor kappa B) e Tnf-? (tumor necrosis factor alpha) foram realizadas por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Células de cólon humano CCD-18Co (fibroblastos) e HT-29 (adenocarcinoma) foram tratadas com antocianinas do guajiru (1,0 a 20,0 mg/L equivalentes de ácido gálico - GAE) e as expressões de IL-1?, IL-6, NF-kB e TNF-? analizadas a nível de RNA mensageiro e proteína. TNF-? foi utilizado para induzir inflamação em células CCD- 18Co. Os polifenois do fruto do guajiruzeiro foram quantificados/caracterizados por métodos cromatográficos e espectrométricos. As concentrações de 19 elementos químicos foram determinadas por plasma indutivamente acoplado a espectrometria de massas. Delfinidina, cianidina, petunidina e peonidina foram as antocianinas majoritárias encontradas no fruto. Concentrações significantes de polifenois, magnésio e selênio foram encontradas nesse fruto. O fruto do guajiruzeiro exibiu atividade antioxidante in vivo em neutrófilos, antigenotoxicidade em sangue periférico e antimutagenicidade em sangue periférico e medula óssea. O guajiru diminuiu os danos ao DNA no fígado, rins e coração. O fruto também diminuiu as expressões de Gadd45a, Il-1?, e Tnf-? nos tecidos. A proliferação celular foi suprimida em células HT-29, acompanhado por aumento na produção de ROS e diminuição nas expressões de TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 e NF-kB. Não foi observado efeito citotóxico das antocianinas em células CCD-18Co. As expressões das proteínas IL- 1?, IL-6 e TNF-? foram reduzidas em células CCD-18Co tratadas com TNF-? e com as antocianinas. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que os fitoquímicos e elementos químicos no fruto do guajiruzeiro possuem efeitos antigenotóxico, antimutagênico, antioxidante e anti-inflamatório e encorajam a realização de outros ensaios in vivo e estudos clínicos com esse fruto subutilizado.Guajiru (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) is a fruit rich in anthocyanins, which exert several beneficial effects on health. Although guajiru leaves are used in folk medicine as hypoglycemic and antioxidant, the fruit effects on health remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of guajiru fruit against in vivo DNA damage and oxidative stress and in vivo/in vitro inflammation. Male Wistar rats (4-5 weeks old, 110 g) were divided into eight groups and treated for 14 days with water or lyophilized guajiru fruit (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w.) by gavage. On the 14th day, animals received physiologic solution or DXR (15 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) and were euthanized after 24 hours. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity were evaluated by comet assay in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and heart. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of guajiru fruit were investigated by micronucleus test in peripheral blood and bone marrow. The oxidative burst was measured in peripheral blood neutrophils. Oxidative stress parameters involved the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, and catalase activity in liver, kidney and heart. The expressions of DNA damage/repair genes Gadd45a (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible alpha), Parp1 (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1), and Xrcc2 (X-Ray Repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 2) and pro-inflammatory markers Il-1 ? (interleukin 1 beta), Il-6 (interleukin 6), Nf-kb (nuclear factor kappa B), and Tnf-? (tumor necrosis factor alpha) were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Human colon cell lines CCD- 18Co (fibroblasts), and HT-29 (adenocarcinoma) were treated with guajiru anthocyanins (1.0 - 20.0 mg/L gallic acid equivalents - GAE) and the expressions of IL-1 ?, IL-6, NF-kB and TNF-? were analyzed at mRNA and protein levels. TNF-? was used to induce inflammation in CCD-18Co cells. Guajiru fruit phytochemicals were quantified and characterized by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The concentrations of 19 chemical elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and peonidin were the major anthocyanins in this fruit. Significant amounts of phytochemicals, magnesium, and selenium were found in this fruit. Guajiru fruit displayed in vivo antioxidant activity in neutrophils, antigenotoxicity in peripheral blood and antimutagenicity in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Guajiru fruit decreased DNA damage in liver, kidney, and heart. This fruit decreased the expression of Gadd45a, Il-1 ?, and Tnf-?, in tissues. Cell proliferation was suppressed in HT-29 cells, and this was accompanied by increased intracellular ROS production as well as decreased TNF-?, IL-1 ?, IL-6, and NF-kB expressions. There was no cytotoxic effect of guajiru fruit anthocyanins in CCD-18Co cells. IL-1 ?, IL-6, and TNF-? protein expressions were reduced in TNF-?-treated CCD-18Co cells by guajiru fruit anthocyanins. The findings from this investigation demonstrated that phytochemicals and chemical elements in guajiru fruit possess antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects and encourage other in vivo and clinical studies with this underutilized fruit

In vitro and in vivo activities of guajiru fruit (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation biomarkers

O guajiru (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) é um fruto rico em antocianinas, as quais exercem vários efeitos benéficos à saúde. Embora as folhas do guajiru sejam utilizadas na medicina popular como hipoglicemiante e antioxidante, os efeitos do fruto na saúde permanecem inexplorados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do fruto do guajiruzeiro sobre danos ao DNA e estresse oxidativo in vivo e inflamação in vitro e in vivo. Ratos machos Wistar (4-5 semanas, 110 g) foram divididos em oito grupos e tratados por 14 dias com água ou fruto do guajiruzeiro liofilizado (100, 200 ou 400 mg/kg p.c.) por gavagem. No 14º dia, os animais receberam solução fisiológica ou DXR (15 mg/kg p.c. i.p.) e foram eutanasiados após 24 horas. A genotoxicidade e antigenotoxicidade foram avaliadas pelo ensaio do cometa em sangue periférico, fígado, rins e coração. A mutagenicidade e antimutagenicidade foram investigadas pelo teste do micronúcleo em medula óssea e sangue periférico. O burst oxidativo foi avaliado em neutrófilos do sangue periférico. Parâmetros de estresse oxidativo envolveram: concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, razão glutationa reduzida e oxidada e atividade da catalase em fígado, rins e coração. As expressões de genes de dano/reparo de DNA Gadd45a (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible alpha), Parp1 (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1) e Xrcc2 (X-Ray Repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 2) e dos marcadores pró-inflamatórios Il-1? (interleukin 1 beta), Il-6 (interleukin 6), Nf-kb (nuclear factor kappa B) e Tnf-? (tumor necrosis factor alpha) foram realizadas por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Células de cólon humano CCD-18Co (fibroblastos) e HT-29 (adenocarcinoma) foram tratadas com antocianinas do guajiru (1,0 a 20,0 mg/L equivalentes de ácido gálico - GAE) e as expressões de IL-1?, IL-6, NF-kB e TNF-? analizadas a nível de RNA mensageiro e proteína. TNF-? foi utilizado para induzir inflamação em células CCD- 18Co. Os polifenois do fruto do guajiruzeiro foram quantificados/caracterizados por métodos cromatográficos e espectrométricos. As concentrações de 19 elementos químicos foram determinadas por plasma indutivamente acoplado a espectrometria de massas. Delfinidina, cianidina, petunidina e peonidina foram as antocianinas majoritárias encontradas no fruto. Concentrações significantes de polifenois, magnésio e selênio foram encontradas nesse fruto. O fruto do guajiruzeiro exibiu atividade antioxidante in vivo em neutrófilos, antigenotoxicidade em sangue periférico e antimutagenicidade em sangue periférico e medula óssea. O guajiru diminuiu os danos ao DNA no fígado, rins e coração. O fruto também diminuiu as expressões de Gadd45a, Il-1?, e Tnf-? nos tecidos. A proliferação celular foi suprimida em células HT-29, acompanhado por aumento na produção de ROS e diminuição nas expressões de TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 e NF-kB. Não foi observado efeito citotóxico das antocianinas em células CCD-18Co. As expressões das proteínas IL- 1?, IL-6 e TNF-? foram reduzidas em células CCD-18Co tratadas com TNF-? e com as antocianinas. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que os fitoquímicos e elementos químicos no fruto do guajiruzeiro possuem efeitos antigenotóxico, antimutagênico, antioxidante e anti-inflamatório e encorajam a realização de outros ensaios in vivo e estudos clínicos com esse fruto subutilizado.Guajiru (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) is a fruit rich in anthocyanins, which exert several beneficial effects on health. Although guajiru leaves are used in folk medicine as hypoglycemic and antioxidant, the fruit effects on health remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of guajiru fruit against in vivo DNA damage and oxidative stress and in vivo/in vitro inflammation. Male Wistar rats (4-5 weeks old, 110 g) were divided into eight groups and treated for 14 days with water or lyophilized guajiru fruit (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w.) by gavage. On the 14th day, animals received physiologic solution or DXR (15 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) and were euthanized after 24 hours. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity were evaluated by comet assay in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and heart. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of guajiru fruit were investigated by micronucleus test in peripheral blood and bone marrow. The oxidative burst was measured in peripheral blood neutrophils. Oxidative stress parameters involved the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, and catalase activity in liver, kidney and heart. The expressions of DNA damage/repair genes Gadd45a (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible alpha), Parp1 (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1), and Xrcc2 (X-Ray Repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 2) and pro-inflammatory markers Il-1 ? (interleukin 1 beta), Il-6 (interleukin 6), Nf-kb (nuclear factor kappa B), and Tnf-? (tumor necrosis factor alpha) were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Human colon cell lines CCD- 18Co (fibroblasts), and HT-29 (adenocarcinoma) were treated with guajiru anthocyanins (1.0 - 20.0 mg/L gallic acid equivalents - GAE) and the expressions of IL-1 ?, IL-6, NF-kB and TNF-? were analyzed at mRNA and protein levels. TNF-? was used to induce inflammation in CCD-18Co cells. Guajiru fruit phytochemicals were quantified and characterized by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The concentrations of 19 chemical elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and peonidin were the major anthocyanins in this fruit. Significant amounts of phytochemicals, magnesium, and selenium were found in this fruit. Guajiru fruit displayed in vivo antioxidant activity in neutrophils, antigenotoxicity in peripheral blood and antimutagenicity in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Guajiru fruit decreased DNA damage in liver, kidney, and heart. This fruit decreased the expression of Gadd45a, Il-1 ?, and Tnf-?, in tissues. Cell proliferation was suppressed in HT-29 cells, and this was accompanied by increased intracellular ROS production as well as decreased TNF-?, IL-1 ?, IL-6, and NF-kB expressions. There was no cytotoxic effect of guajiru fruit anthocyanins in CCD-18Co cells. IL-1 ?, IL-6, and TNF-? protein expressions were reduced in TNF-?-treated CCD-18Co cells by guajiru fruit anthocyanins. The findings from this investigation demonstrated that phytochemicals and chemical elements in guajiru fruit possess antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects and encourage other in vivo and clinical studies with this underutilized fruit

Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Anthocyanins Reduced Cell Proliferation And Inflammation In Ht-29 Colon Cancer Cells

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Anti-inflammatory Formulations And Uses Thereof Including A Combination Of Palmitoylethanolamide And Plant-based Polyphenols

Pharmaceutical or nutraceutical formulations are provided for treating inflammation in a subject in need thereof, as well as methods of treating inflammation in a subject in need thereof by administering one of the formulations. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical formulation includes an effective amount of (i) palmitoylethanolamide or a derivative thereof, and (ii) one, two, three or more different small-molecule polyphenols or derivatives thereof to alleviate one or more causes or symptoms of the inflammation in the subject. In some aspects, the formulations include all three, e.g. the formulations includes (i) palmitoylethanolamide or a derivative thereof, (ii) quercetin or a derivative thereof, and (iii) curcumin or a derivative thereof. In some instances, the components (i)-(iii) discussed above are present at a mass ratio of about (i) 4 mg to 6 mg of palmitoylethanolamide or a derivative thereof to (ii) about 0.5 to 2.5 mg curcumin or a derivative thereof, and (iii) about 0.5 mg to 1.5 mg quercetin or a derivative thereof.U

Chrysobalanus icaco L. Anthocyanins reduced cell proliferation and inflammation in HT‐29 colon cancer cells

Sem informação291CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQSem informaçã

Guajiru (chrysobalanus icaco l.) fruit showed antioxidant activity in kidneys of wistar rats

Sem informação532S89S8

Guajiru (Chrysobalanus Icaco L.) Fruit Showed Antioxidant Activity in Kidneys of Wistar Rats

19th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Biology-and-Medicine (SFRBM)53S89S8