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Development of a New Family of Chiral Auxiliaries

A new family of chiral auxiliaries designed on a conformationally restricted version of (−)-8-phenylmenthol has been developed. Both enantiomers are available from an inexpensive synthesis conducted on multigram scale. A first application has showed comparable diastereoselectivity between the novel auxiliary and (−)-8-phenylmenthol

Development of a New Family of Chiral Auxiliaries

A new family of chiral auxiliaries designed on a conformationally restricted version of (−)-8-phenylmenthol has been developed. Both enantiomers are available from an inexpensive synthesis conducted on multigram scale. A first application has showed comparable diastereoselectivity between the novel auxiliary and (−)-8-phenylmenthol

Bland-Altman plot for subject S2.

<p>Bland-Altman plot with reference kinematics (absissas) and difference (ordinates) between model-derived and reference fluoroscopy-based kinematics. From left to right Bland-Altman plots for models N, S, P, M respectively, corresponding to joint angles and displacements, from top to bottom EF, AA, IER, and LM, AP and PD, respectively. Differences between model-derived kinematics and fluoroscopy-based kinematics are plotted against reference amplitude of movement (angle or displacement). Thick black line represents the bias (mean of the differences) whose value is designated by b, thin black lines represent the limits of agreement whose value is designated by l = b ± 1.96 standard deviation. Squared Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r²), root mean square error (rmse) and standard deviation (sd) are displayed for each graph.</p

Overall distribution of tuberculin skin test results (by induration size).

<p>TST: Tuberculin skin test; OR [95% CI]: odds ratio [95% confidence interval]</p><p>* Comparison of TST results between the two age groups.</p><p>Overall distribution of tuberculin skin test results (by induration size).</p

Knee joint angles and displacements, U = [<i>θ</i>_<i>1</i> <i>θ</i>_<i>2</i> <i>θ</i>_<i>3</i> <i>d</i>_<i>1</i> <i>d</i>_<i>2</i> <i>d</i>_<i>3</i>]^<i>T</i> for both subjects.

<p>Model-derived kinematics estimated with the four knee joint models: no joint model (N, red), spherical model (S, yellow), parallel mechanism (P, green), and stiffness matrix (M, cyan) plotted against fluoroscopy-based kinematics (Ref, black). Sensitivity analysis results are represented by the mean of the kinematics estimation over the 511 runs of MBO embedding perturbed stiffness matrices (, dark blue), with corridor representing the variation in the estimation for one standard deviation (light grey, ) and 1.96 standard deviation (, dark grey) around the mean value.</p

Characteristics of the study population in Moramanga, 2011, and risk factors for leptospirosis.

<p>Characteristics of the study population in Moramanga, 2011, and risk factors for leptospirosis.</p

Model specifications.

<p>(A) Natural coordinates, <b>Q</b>_<i>i</i>, for shank (<i>i</i> = 2) and thigh (<i>i</i> = 3) and knee joint coordinate system. (B) Representation of the four different knee joint models, from top to bottom: no joint model (N), spherical model (S), parallel mechanism (P), and stiffness matrix (M).</p

General characteristics of the study population.

<p>General characteristics of the study population.</p

Prevention of Tungiasis and Tungiasis-Associated Morbidity Using the Plant-Based Repellent Zanzarin: A Randomized, Controlled Field Study in Rural Madagascar

<div><p>Background</p><p>Tungiasis, a parasitic skin disease caused by the female sand flea <i>Tunga penetrans</i>, is a prevalent condition in impoverished communities in the tropics. In this setting, the ectoparasitosis is associated with important morbidity. It causes disfigurement and mutilation of the feet. Feasible and effective treatment is not available. So far prevention is the only means to control tungiasis-associated morbidity.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>In two villages in Central Madagascar, we assessed the efficacy of the availability of closed shoes and the twice-daily application of a plant-based repellent active against sand fleas (Zanzarin) in comparison to a control group without intervention. The study population was randomized into three groups: shoe group, repellent group and control group and monitored for ten weeks. The intensity of infestation, the attack rate and the severity of tungiasis-associated morbidity were assessed every two weeks.</p><p>Findings</p><p>In the repellent group, the median attack rate became zero already after two weeks. The intensity of the infestation decreased constantly during the observation period and tungiasis-associated morbidity was lowered to an insignificant level. In the shoe group, only a marginal decrease in the intensity of infestation and in the attack rate was observed. At week 10, the intensity of infestation, the attack rate and the severity score for acute tungiasis remained significantly higher in the shoe group than in the repellent group. Per protocol analysis showed that the protective effect of shoes was closely related to the regularity with which shoes were worn.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Although shoes were requested by the villagers and wearing shoes was encouraged by the investigators at the beginning of the study, the availability of shoes only marginally influenced the attack rate of female sand fleas. The twice-daily application of a plant-based repellent active against sand fleas reduced the attack to zero and lowered tungiasis-associated morbidity to an insignificant level.</p></div