DIFFERENCES IN ARCH INDEX, REARFOOT PLANTAR PRESSURE, AND FOREFOOT DEVIATION FROM CENTER OF FORCE TRAJECTORY IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY, NO HISTORY OF LATERAL ANKLE SPRAIN, AND COPERS.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in arch index, rearfoot plantar pressure, and forefoot deviation from center of force trajectory in those with chronic ankle instability, copers, and no history of lateral ankle sprain. A total of fifty-seven subjects from the local community volunteered for this study. There were 20 subjects in the CAI group (age, 20 ± 3 years; height, 173.61 ± 7.84 cm; mass, 73.91 ± 17.58 kg), 20 subjects in the control group (age, 20 ± 1 years; height, 169.90 ± 9.50 cm; mass, 64.53 ± 14.01 kg), and 17 subjects in the copers group (age, 20 ± 2 years; height, 171.34 ± 7.75 cm; mass, 71.18 ± 13.00 kg). Each subject completed one session of testing in which they walked barefoot across pressure mats at a self-selected speed. The composite footprint of each trial was then divided into rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot for arch index (foot contact area), medial and lateral rearfoot for medial/lateral rearfoot pressure ratios, and then center of force trajectory deviation from a bisection line in the forefoot. The mean of three trials was used for statistical analysis. Each dependent variable (arch index, medial/lateral rearfoot pressure ratio, and forefoot deviation of center of force trajectory) was analyzed through separate 1-way ANOVA, with 1 between-subject factor (CAI, copers, and control) and a Chi-square Test of Independence. Alpha was set at p < .05. For arch index, a one-way ANOVA yielded no significant differences between the three groups (F2,54 = 0.26, p = 0.77, p2 = 0.01, power = 0.09). A Chi-Square test of independence was calculated comparing the categorical foot types between the three groups, which showed no significant differences (2(4) = 6.59, p = 0.16). For rearfoot medial/lateral pressure ratio, a one-way ANOVA yielded no significant differences between the three groups (F2,54 = 0.69, p = 0.50, p2 = 0.03, power = 0.16). A Chi-Square test of independence was calculated comparing the categories of medial versus lateral rearfoot pressure between the three groups, which showed no significant difference (2(2) = 4.80, p = 0.09). For maximal forefoot deviation from center of force trajectory, a one-way ANOVA yielded no significant differences between the three groups (F2,54 = 1.19, p = 0.31, p2 = 0.04, power = 0.25). A Chi-Square test of independence was calculated comparing the categories of medial versus lateral rearfoot pressure between the three groups, which revealed no significant difference (2(4) = 2.77, p = 0.60). These results of the statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the three groups in regards to arch index, medial/lateral rearfoot pressure, or forefoot deviation from center of force trajectory. Since these dependent variables may not contribute to the development of chronic ankle instability, other factors such as proprioceptive deficits and neuromuscular differences may play a greater role. Therefore, clinicians should work on improving proprioception and strengthening of the ankle joint rather than focusing on foot type or locations of plantar pressure.Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Kinesiology in the Department of Kinesiology of, Indiana Universit

Disregarding Statutory Safeguards: The Supreme Court of Missouri\u27s Failure to Recognize Manifest Injustice in Predatory Sexual Offender Determinations

This Note scrutinizes the way in which the Supreme Court of Missouri resolved the issue of whether the predatory sexual offender statute, section 566.125.5(3), is constitutional when applied to currently charged acts in light of the procedural mandates for sentence enhancement provided in section 558.021.2. This Note argues the Supreme Court of Missouri erred in its interpretation of the statutory language provided in section 566.125.5(3) and in its application of Alleyne precedent. This Note further argues the Supreme Court of Missouri failed to recognize the manifest injustice that resulted when the trial court disregarded the statutory timing requirements that should have been followed in order to extend Johnson’s sentence pursuant to the predatory sexual offender provisions

An Evaluation of Three Procedures to Achieve Robust Responding for Police Informed Curriculum for Care Providers of Individuals Diagnosed with ASD

Abstract To address improving interactions between the ASD community and police, various assessment formats were analyzed to determine a tool that evokes robust responding (i.e. answers that are varied, informative, and in-depth) from police officers. Within participant analysis and across participant analysis were used to determine which procedure evokes the more robust response. Officer responses were more informative when provided assessments that used open-ended questions rather than close-ended questions. Results also suggest that using multiple question formats for the same information aid in obtaining response diversity. Keywords: ASD, police, assessment, robust responding, within and across participant analysi

What's best when a patient doesn't respond to the maximum dose of an antidepressant?

Consider possible causes of the inadequate response, then weigh treatment options in light of the characteristics of the individual patient and therapy. When managing a patient with nonpsychotic depression and inadequate response to the maximum dose of a single antidepressant, the physician should first identify factors that may contribute to the poor response, such as suboptimal dosage resulting from nonadherence, inadequate duration of therapy, and comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, expert opinion)

Probing the mind with magnetism

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a technique that can be used to interfere reversibly with cortical processing. It creates a ‘virtual lesion’, which is relatively focal in space and time and can therefore be used to address questions beyond the scope of other techniques. In this article we select a few recent experiments that highlight the added value that TMS brings to some of the core areas of cognitive neuroscience: imagery, crossmodal processing, language, plasticity, awareness and memory

Neuropsychology: music of the hemispheres

Music may be the food of love but it is also good fodder for cognitive scientists. Here we highlight a recent study of a neuropsychological patient who has lost her ability to read music, but not text, in the absence of any other musical deficit

Congenital amusia: all the songs sound the same

Recent evidence from individuals born with a profound musical impairment suggests that the ability to process pitch information is normally present from birth. This finding supports the idea that the perception and appreciation of music, both of which critically depend on pitch processing, have a biological basis in the brain

Learning-Based Distributed Detection-Estimation in Sensor Networks with Unknown Sensor Defects

We consider the problem of distributed estimation of an unknown deterministic scalar parameter (the target signal) in a wireless sensor network (WSN), where each sensor receives a single snapshot of the field. We assume that the observation at each node randomly falls into one of two modes: a valid or an invalid observation mode. Specifically, mode one corresponds to the desired signal plus noise observation mode (\emph{valid}), and mode two corresponds to the pure noise mode (\emph{invalid}) due to node defect or damage. With no prior information on such local sensing modes, we introduce a learning-based distributed procedure, called the mixed detection-estimation (MDE) algorithm, based on iterative closed-loop interactions between mode learning (detection) and target estimation. The online learning step re-assesses the validity of the local observations at each iteration, thus refining the ongoing estimation update process. The convergence of the MDE algorithm is established analytically. Asymptotic analysis shows that, in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, the MDE estimation error converges to that of an ideal (centralized) estimator with perfect information about the node sensing modes. This is in contrast to the estimation performance of a naive average consensus based distributed estimator (without mode learning), whose estimation error blows up with an increasing SNR.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, submitted to TS

Developing a collaborative project on higher education pedagogy: The institutional, organizational, and community identity dimensions of student staff partnerships

This case study presents an ambitious student-staff partnership project at University College London (UCL) to publish a collaborative book on higher education pedagogy. Over two-and-a-half years, a total of 86 students and staff contributed to the project, which sought to provide educators with a new type of scholarly material under the unifying theme of connecting research and teaching. Multiple layers of student-staff partnership were interwoven throughout the project; this case study contextualizes these layers against three dimensions: institutional, organizational, and community identity. Central to the project was our distinctive approach to engaging with Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs) and their crucial role in bringing the three dimensions together. As such, the project represents a model of enhanced student-staff partnership that has the capacity to empower students and break down educational silos to form new, multi-specialty learning communities.</jats:p

Does A Flatter General Gradient of Visual Attention Explain Peripheral Advantages and Central Deficits in Deaf Adults?

Individuals deaf from early age often outperform hearing individuals in the visual periphery on attention-dependent dorsal stream tasks (e.g., spatial localization or movement detection), but sometimes show central visual attention deficits, usually on ventral stream object identification tasks. It has been proposed that early deafness adaptively redirects attentional resources from central to peripheral vision to monitor extrapersonal space in the absence of auditory cues, producing a more evenly distributed attention gradient across visual space. However, little direct evidence exists that peripheral advantages are functionally tied to central deficits, rather than determined by independent mechanisms, and previous studies using several attention tasks typically report peripheral advantages or central deficits, not both. To test the general altered attentional gradient proposal, we employed a novel divided attention paradigm that measured target localization performance along a gradient from parafoveal to peripheral locations, independent of concurrent central object identification performance in prelingually deaf and hearing groups who differed in access to auditory input. Deaf participants without cochlear implants (No-CI), with cochlear implants (CI), and hearing participants identified vehicles presented centrally, and concurrently reported the location of parafoveal (1.4◦ ) and peripheral (13.3◦ ) targets among distractors. NoCI participants but not CI participants showed a central identification accuracy deficit. However, all groups displayed equivalent target localization accuracy at peripheral and parafoveal locations and nearly parallel parafoveal-peripheral gradients. Furthermore, the No-CI group’s central identification deficit remained after statistically controlling peripheral performance; conversely, the parafoveal and peripheral group performance equivalencies remained after controlling central identification accuracy. These results suggest that, in the absence of auditory input, reduced central attentional capacity is not necessarily associated with enhanced peripheral attentional capacity or with flattening of a general attention gradient. Our findings converge with earlier studies suggesting that a general graded trade-off of attentional resources across the visual field does not adequately explain the complex task-dependent spatial distribution of deaf-hearing performance differences reported in the literature. Rather, growing evidence suggests that the spatial distribution of attention-mediated performance in deaf people is determined by sophisticated cross-modal plasticity mechanisms that recruit specific sensory and polymodal cortex to achieve specific compensatory processing goals