Are We #StayingHome to Flatten the Curve?

The recent spread of COVID-19 across the U.S. led to concerted efforts by states to ``flatten the curve" through the adoption of stay-at-home mandates that encourage individuals to reduce travel and maintain social distance. Combining data on changes in travel activity with COVID-19 health outcomes and state policy adoption timing, we characterize nationwide changes in mobility patterns and isolate the portion attributable to statewide mandates. We find evidence of dramatic nationwide declines in mobility prior to adoption of any statewide mandates. Once states adopt a mandate, we estimate further mandate-induced declines between 2.1 and 7.0 percentage points across methods that account for states' differences in travel behavior prior to policy adoption. In addition, we investigate the effects of stay-at-home mandates on changes in COVID-19 health outcomes while controlling for pre-trends and observed pre-treatment mobility patterns. We estimate mandate-induced declines between 0.13 and 0.17 in deaths (5.6 to 6.0 in hospitalizations) per 100 thousand across methods. Across 43 adopting states, this represents 23,366-30,144 fewer deaths (and roughly one million averted hospitalizations) for the months of March and April - which indicates that death rates could have been 42-54% higher had states not adopted statewide policies. We further find evidence that changes in mobility patterns prior to adoption of statewide policies also played a role in reducing COVID-19 mortality and morbidity. Adding in averted deaths due to pre-mandate social distancing behavior, we estimate a total of 48-71,000 averted deaths from COVID-19 for the two-month period. Given that the actual COVID-19 death toll for March and April was 55,922, our estimates suggest that deaths would have been 1.86-2.27 times what they were absent any stay-at-home mandates during this period. These estimates represent a lower bound on the health impacts of stay-at-home policies, as they do not account for spillovers or undercounting of COVID-19 mortality. Our findings indicate that early behavior changes and later statewide policies reduced death rates and helped attenuate the negative consequences of COVID-19. Further, our findings of substantial reductions in mobility prior to state-level policies convey important policy implications for re-opening.Take Away Link https://are.berkeley.edu/sites/are.berkeley.edu/files/PolicyTakeAway_Web.pd

Buyer Power through Producer's Differentiation

Cet article montre que des distributeurs peuvent décider d'offrir des produits différenciés, non pas pour relâcher la concurrence horizontale, mais pour accroître leur pouvoir d'achat vis-à-vis de leur fournisseur. Nous analysons un modèle simple où deux producteurs offrent des produits différenciés en qualité à deux distributeurs en activité sur des marches séparés qui ne peuvent offrir qu'un seul produit aux consommateurs. A la première étape du jeu, les distributeurs choisissent quel produit mettre en rayon, puis chaque distributeur et son fournisseur négocient sur un contrat de tarif binôme. Enfin, les distributeurs choisissent leur quantités. Lorsque les coûts de production sont convexes, la part des profits joint revenant au distributeur est plus élevée lorsque les distributeurs choisissent de se différencier. L'origine de la différenciation peut donc être uniquement liée au désir des distributeurs d'accroître leur pouvoir d'achat: via la différenciation des fournisseurs, le distributeur obtient une plus large part de profits joints plus faibles. Ce résultat est robuste lorsque l'on introduit de la concurrence en aval. Nous mettons en évidence les conséquences de cette stratégie de différenciation sur le surplus des consommateurs.Puissance d'achat;Gamme de produit;Différentiation des produits

Effects of peer comparisons on low-promotability tasks: Evidence from a university field experiment

Governance—the way rules are set and implemented—in many institutions is sustained through the service of groups of individuals, performing low-promotability tasks. For instance, the success of not-for-profit professional societies, civic organizations, and public universities depends on the willingness of members and employees to serve in governance. Typically service is requested by annual calls to serve. We implement and analyze a field experiment at a large public university using a randomized experimental design, to investigate whether responses to calls to serve are affected by revealing a department's service rankings among its peer departments. We find that revealing a service ranking in the lowest quartile leads to significantly higher response rates than disclosing a median and higher-than-median ranking. Second, beyond informing department heads of their departments’ service rank, directly informing individual faculty members does not have an additional effect on response rates. Third, we show that the treatment effects in the lowest serving quartile are driven by female faculty responses, even though female faculty members were no more likely than their male peers to respond to serve before the experiment. If taking on such tasks is detrimental to promotion, while important for the overall institution, this has implications for the faculty careers of women and men. We discuss potential mechanisms behind the results; formally testing these mechanisms is an area for future research

The understanding of the spiritual exercises in Karl Rahner and Hans Urs von Balthasar

The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative analysis of the understanding of Saint Ignatius of Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises in two great theologians who influenced theperiod after Vatican Council II in the twentieth century, Karl Rahner (1904–1984) andHans Urs von Balthasar (1905–1988). This analysis aims to identify the image of God asit appears in their respective theological projects, that employing the inductive method,in Rahner’s theological anthropology, and that employing the deductive method, inBalthasar’s theological aesthetics, and to identify how such images of God are involved incontemplative practice according to their respective theological understandings, bothtrying to adapt the Ignatian experience to the contemporary person, each theologian inhis own way. Therefore, this study intends to analyze how the author´s understanding of the Spiritual Exercises is presented within each theological project and then to identifythe similarities and differences between them. Such analysis intends to recognize how these two theologians of great scope understood spirituality first as a part of humanexistence and, in this context, how they understood the knowledge of God as the revela-tion of meaning and the source of new understanding in the search for an authentic life,even given their distinct accents both existential and on the Christian mystical tradition.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Spirituality and health in pandemic times: lessons from the ancient wisdom

The goal of this paper is to analyze how the historical episode of the so-called Plague of Athens between the years 430 and 426 BC seems to have been the first phenomenon classified as an epidemic by Hippocrates, and the historian Thucydides described its cultural, social, political and religious consequences. However, such a crisis generated the need for a new culture, and consequently a new theological mentality, as a cultural driver that made it possible to transform the Asclepiad Sanctuary of Kos into the first hospital in the West to integrate spirituality and science as ways to promote the healing of culture in order to achieve the ideal of health. The adopted method was a semantic analysis of the classic texts that help contextualize the Hippocratic view of the epidemic, spirituality, and health, and how these questions were received by Christianity at the time. The reception of this experience by Christianity, despite suffering some tension, also expands this Greek ideal and constitutes a true heritage of ancient wisdom that can be revisited in the time of the new pandemic, COVID-19. The perspective assumed here is interdisciplinary, putting in dialogue Theology and Health Sciences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Revisiting the Income Effect: Gasoline Prices and Grocery Purchases

This paper examines the importance of income effects in purchase decisions for every-day products by analyzing the effect of gasoline prices on grocery expenditures. Using detailed scanner data from a large grocery chain as well as data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), we show that consumers re-allocate their expenditures across and within food-consumption categories in order to offset necessary increases in gasoline expenditures when gasoline prices rise. We show that gasoline expenditures rise one-for-one with gasoline prices, consumers substitute away from food-away-from-home and towards groceries in order to partially offset their increased expenditures on gasoline, and that within grocery category, consumers substitute away from regular shelf-price products and towards promotional items in order to save money on overall grocery expenditures. On average, consumers are able to decrease the net price paid per grocery item by 5-11% in response to a 100% increase in gasoline prices. Our results show that consumers respond to permanent changes in income from gasoline prices by substituting towards lower-cost food at the grocery store and lower priced items within grocery category. The substitution away from full-priced items towards sale items has implications for microeconomic discrete-choice demand models as well as for macroeconomic inflation measures that typically do not incorporate frequently changing promotional prices.