Keck Observations of the Hidden Quasar IRAS P09104+4109

We present imaging and spectro- polarimetric observations of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy IRAS P09104+4109 using the Keck 10-m Telescope. We detect the clear presence of broad Hb, Hg, and MgII 2800 emission lines in the polarized flux spectra of the nucleus and of an extranuclear emission region ~ 4" away, confirming the presence of a hidden central quasar. The polarization of the broad Mg II emission line is high (~ 29%), consistent with the remarkably high polarization (~ 30%-40%) observed in the extended continuum emission. The narrow emission lines are polarized in a stratified fashion, with the high ionization lines being polarized 0.7%-1.7% and [O II] essentially unpolarized. The line polarizations are positively correlated with critical density, ionization potential, and velocity width of the emission lines. This indicates that the NLR may be partially shadowed by the putative torus, with the higher ionization lines originating closer to the nucleus. One notable characteristic of the extranuclear knot is that all species of Fe are markedly absent in its spectrum, while they appear prominently in the nucleus. Our favored interpretation is that there is a large amount of dust in the extranuclear regions, allowing gaseous refractory metals to deposit. The extended emission regions are most likely material shredded from nearby cluster members and not gas condensed from the cooling flow or expelled from the obscured quasar. Our data provide strong evidence for matter-bounded clouds in addition to ionization-bounded clouds in the NLR. Ionization by pure velocity shocks can be ruled out. Shocks with photoionizing precursors may be present, but are probably not a dominant contributor to the energy input.Comment: 32 pages, including 9 figs and 2 tables, to be published in the Astronomical Journa

Revisiting the location and environment of the central engine in NGC1068

We revisit in this paper the location of the various components observed in the AGN of NGC1068. Discrepancies between previously published studies are explained, and a new measurement for the absolute location of the K-band emission peak is provided. It is found to be consistent with the position of the central engine as derived by Gallimore (1997), Capetti (1997) and Kishimoto (1999). A series of map overlays is then presented and discussed. Model predictions of dusty tori show that the nuclear unresolved NIR-MIR emission is compatible with a broad range of models: the nuclear SED alone does not strongly constrain the torus geometry, while placing reasonable constraints on its size and thickness. The extended MIR emission observed within the ionizing cone is shown to be well explained by the presence of optically thick dust clouds exposed to the central engine radiation and having a small covering factor. Conversely, a distribution of diffuse dust particles within the ionizing cone is discarded. A simple model for the H2 and CO emission observed perpendicularly to the axis of the ionizing cone is proposed. We show that a slight tilt between the molecular disc and the Compton thick central absorber naturally reproduces the observed distribution of H2 of CO emission.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, revised version for A&

Low-Ionization Emission Regions in Quasars: Gas Properties Probed with Broad O I and Ca II Lines

We have compiled the emission-line fluxes of O I 8446, O I 11287, and the near-IR Ca II triplet (8579) observed in 11 quasars. These lines are considered to emerge from the same gas as do the Fe II lines in the low-ionized portion of the broad emission line region (BELR). The compiled quasars are distributed over wide ranges of redshift (0.06 < z < 1.08) and of luminosity (-29.8 < M_B < -22.1), thus representing a useful sample to investigate the line-emitting gas properties in various quasar environments. The measured line strengths and velocities, as functions of the quasar properties, are analyzed using photoionization model calculations. We found that the flux ratio between Ca II and O I 8446 is hardly dependent on the redshift or luminosity, indicating similar gas density in the emission region from quasar to quasar. On the other hand, a scatter of the O I 11287/8446 ratios appears to imply the diversity of the ionization parameter. These facts invoke a picture of the line-emitting gases in quasars that have similar densities and are located at regions exposed to various ionizing radiation fluxes. The observed O I line widths are found to be remarkably similar over more than 3 orders of magnitude in luminosity, which indicates a kinematically determined location of the emission region and is in clear contrast to the well-studied case of H I lines. We also argue about the dust presence in the emission region since the region is suggested to be located near the dust sublimation point at the outer edge of the BELR.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; minor rewordings mad

Ionized gas outflows and global kinematics of low-z luminous star forming galaxies

We study the kinematic properties of the ambient ionized ISM and ionized gas outflows in a large and representative sample of local luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) (58 systems, 75 galaxies), on the basis of integral field spectroscopy (IFS)-based high S/N integrated spectra at galactic and sub-galactic, i.e. star forming (SF) clumps, scales. Ambient ionized gas. The velocity dispersion of the ionized ISM in U/LIRGs ( ~ 70 kms-1) is larger than in lower luminosity local star forming galaxies ( ~ 25 kms-1). While for isolated disc LIRGs star formation appears to sustain turbulence, gravitational energy release associated to interactions and mergers plays an important role driving sigma in the U/LIRG range. We also find that the impact of an AGN in ULIRGs is strong, increasing sigma by a factor 1.5 on average. The observed weak dependency of sigma with SFR surface density for local U/LIRGs is in very good agreement with that measured in some high-z samples. Ionized outflows. The presence of ionized gas outflows in U/LIRGs seems universal based on the detection of a broad, usually blueshifted, Halpha line. AGNs in U/LIRGs are able to generate faster (x2) and more massive (x1.4) ionized gas outflows than pure starbursts. The derived ionized mass loading factors are in general below one, with only a few AGNs above this limit. Only a small fraction of the ionized material from low mass LIRGs (log(Mdyn/Msun) < 10.4) could reach the intergalactic medium, with more massive galaxies retaining the gas. The observed average outflow properties in U/LIRGs are similar to high-z galaxies of comparable SFR. In the bright SF clumps found in LIRGs, ionized gas outflows appear to be very common. For a given SFR surface density, outflows in LIRG clumps would be about one to two orders of magnitude less energetic than those launched by clumps in high-z SF galaxies.Comment: 36 pages, 20 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in A&