Welfare implications on management strategies for rearing dairy calves: A systematic review. Part 1–feeding management

IntroductionCalves are very susceptible to stress in the early stages of life, and it is necessary to ensure maximum welfare. Feeding management has been identified as a major risk factor for calf health and welfare at this stage. However, the management protocol for calf rearing and its impact on animal welfare is unclear. A systematic review of different management strategies for rearing dairy calves according to the three spheres of animal welfare was conducted using an electronic search strategy. In this review, management strategies were studied to identify scientific gaps, to know the welfare problems of these animals in order to prioritize actions and future research and to study the interpretive approach of this management from the three welfare spheres.MethodsA protocol was used to analyze and extract information from the studies. Of the 1,783 publications screened, only 351 met the inclusion criteria for the management or welfare of calves' items.ResultsThe publications identified in the search can be divided into two main groups feeding and socialization, based on the main topic of the publication. The main topics that emerged from the search in the feeding management group were milk replacer, colostrum, and weaning, divided into the three main areas of biological functioning and health, natural life and affective states or cognitive judgement.DiscussionThe main issues to be addressed were the different types of feed consumed by animals from birth to weaning and the weaning management. It has been found that the most researched issues are colostrum and solid starter feed management. Unresolved issues were highlighted, such as the lack of a clear protocol for the administration of milk replacers to reduce hunger and the best management of weaning to reduce stress

Welfare implications on management strategies for rearing dairy calves: A systematic review. Part 2 – Social management

IntroductionRaising a healthy calf up to puberty is essential for optimal farm performance. It is therefore, it is necessary to promote animal welfare from the three spheres during this short period. Social management has been postulated as essential in lowering stress and consequently improving calf welfare during this period. Only the health sphere has been studied for a long time, but more recent studies have recently promoted positive experiences and emotional states from affective states or cognitive judgment and natural living spheres. A systematic review of different management strategies in rearing dairy calves according to the three spheres of animal welfare has been conducted using an electronic search strategy.MethodsThe analysis and extraction of information from the studies were performed according to a protocol. From 1,783 publications screened, only 351 met the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe publications identified in the search can be divided into two main groups, feeding and social management, based on the main topic of the publication. This review provides an overview of social management, understood as the calf’s interaction with others around it.DiscussionPrimary social management issues that emerged were social housing with congeners, separation from the mother and human-animal interaction, distributed in the three broad spheres of animal welfare. The review highlights unresolved questions about how social management practices affect the three spheres of animal welfare at this life stage and the need to standardize good socialization practices for this stage. In conclusion, all the information shows that social housing has improved animal welfare from affective states, cognitive judgment, and natural living spheres. However, gaps in research were identified in relation to the optimal time to separate the calf from the mother, the optimal time to group with conspecifics after birth and group size. Further research on positive welfare through socialization are needed

Reparación completa quirúrgica en adultos con situación Fallot no operada o solamente paliada: ¿ficción o realidad?

Introducción-objetivos: Los pacientes con situación Fallot sin operar o solamente paliados excepcionalmente sobreviven hasta la edad adulta. Si las arterias pulmonares tienen un calibre aceptable, creemos que la reparación completa quirúrgica es viable. A continuación, revisamos nuestra experiencia. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 27 adultos con situación Fallot no operada o solo paliada y reparación completa quirúrgica entre 1991-2014. Resultados: Edad media ± desviación estándar: 35,6 ± 10,6 años, 59% varones, paliación previa 18,5%. Diagnóstico principal: ventrículo derecho bicameral + comunicación interventricular (48%), tetralogía de Fallot clásica (30%). Grado funcional NYHA: I-26%, II-30%, III-44%. Arritmia: 22%. Hematocrito medio: 49 ± 11%. Asociaban agenesia arteria pulmonar izquierda (11%), insuficiencia aórtica severa (11%). Las pruebas complementarias mostraban gradientes elevados entre ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar y buena contractilidad biventricular. Operados por esternotomía media con extracorpórea, hipotermia moderada y pinzamiento aórtico. Cierre de comunicación interventricular desde la aurícula derecha: 63%. Reconstrucción del tracto de salida derecho conservando la válvula pulmonar (78%), interponiendo bioprótesis (15%) y con parche transanular (7%). Cirugía asociada en 5 pacientes (18,5%): tricúspide (1), aórtica (4). Sin mortalidad hospitalaria. Seguimiento medio 8,4 ± 6,3 años (máximo 19,75). Un paciente fallece tardíamente. Reoperación en 3 pacientes (11%) por lesiones residuales. Actualmente grado funcional i65%, ii31%, iii4%, estando el 92% en ritmo sinusal. Conclusiones: La reparación completa del adulto con situación Fallot consigue mejoría clínica al eliminar la cianosis, cerrar los cortocircuitos intracardiacos y disminuir la sobrecarga de presión del ventrículo derecho. Esta reparación tiene resultados excelentes y permite superiores tasas de conservación del anillo pulmonar respecto a las series infantiles

Anillos vasculares y compresión traqueo-esofágica: 15 años de experiencia quirúrgica

ResumenIntroducción y objetivosLos anillos vasculares son anomalías poco comunes, en los que el enfoque diagnóstico y quirúrgico puede ser controvertido. El objetivo es revisar nuestros resultados quirúrgicos hospitalarios y en seguimiento.MétodosEstudio observacional descriptivo de pacientes con anillos vasculares intervenidos en nuestro hospital.ResultadosSe incluyó a 26 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 9 meses (rango: 1 mes-38 años). Los pacientes fueron clasificados en 3 grupos: arco aórtico derecho-ligamento ductal izquierdo (n=14), doble arco aórtico (n=9) y sling pulmonar (n=3). Un total de 3 casos fueron diagnosticados en el periodo prenatal (11,5%). En todos los casos el diagnóstico se realizó mediante tomografía computarizada (TC). Se observó divertículo de Kommerell en 11 pacientes (42,3%). Un 19,2% presentaron anomalías intracardiacas asociadas que requirieron cirugía.El abordaje quirúrgico principal fue la toracotomía izquierda con un 72,7%. Un 9,1% requirió cirugía traqueal. Un 13,6% preciso reintervención del anillo vascular.La necesidad de reintervención se asoció estadísticamente a ventilación mecánica previa, traqueomalacia y persistencia de síntomas respiratorios. No hubo mortalidad hospitalaria. La mortalidad en seguimiento ha sido 7,6%, debido a malformaciones mayores asociadas.ConclusionesEl principal método diagnóstico en nuestra serie es la TC.La broncoscopia antes y después del tratamiento quirúrgico permite evaluar el resultado de la técnica; en algunos casos ayuda a valorar la necesidad de realizar una pexia aórtica.La presencia de traqueomalacia y defectos estructurales en la vía aérea, junto con la asociación de cardiopatías congénitas severas, marcan el pronóstico en el seguimiento.AbstractIntroduction and objectivesVascular rings are rare anomalies where the diagnosis and surgical approach can be controversial. The goal of this article is to review our hospital surgical results and follow-up.MethodsDescriptive observational study of patients with vascular rings operated on in our hospital from the year 2000 to 2015.ResultsThe study included 26 patients with a median age of 9 months (range: 1 month - 38 years). Patients were classified into 3 groups: right aortic arch - left ductal ligament (n=14), double aortic arch (n=9), and pulmonary sling (n=3). Prenatal diagnosis was made in 3 cases (11.5%). In all cases the diagnosis was made by computed tomography (CT). Kommerell's diverticulum was observed in 11 patients (42.3%), and 19.2% showed intracardiac anomalies that required surgery.The main surgical approach was left thoracotomy with 72.7%. Tracheal surgery was required in 9.1% and 13.6% required re-operation of the vascular ring.The need for re-operation was associated with previous mechanical ventilation, tracheomalacia, and the persistence of respiratory symptoms. There was no hospital mortality. The late mortality was 7.6%, due to associated major malformations.ConclusionsThe reference method for the diagnosis of vascular ring is computed tomography.Bronchoscopy before and after surgical treatment allows the outcome of the technique to be assessed and, in some cases, helps to assess the need for aortopexy.Tracheomalacia and the presence of structural defects in the airway, along with the association of severe congenital heart disease, are factors that are associated with late mortality

Table_1_Welfare implications on management strategies for rearing dairy calves: A systematic review. Part 2 – Social management.docx

IntroductionRaising a healthy calf up to puberty is essential for optimal farm performance. It is therefore, it is necessary to promote animal welfare from the three spheres during this short period. Social management has been postulated as essential in lowering stress and consequently improving calf welfare during this period. Only the health sphere has been studied for a long time, but more recent studies have recently promoted positive experiences and emotional states from affective states or cognitive judgment and natural living spheres. A systematic review of different management strategies in rearing dairy calves according to the three spheres of animal welfare has been conducted using an electronic search strategy.MethodsThe analysis and extraction of information from the studies were performed according to a protocol. From 1,783 publications screened, only 351 met the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe publications identified in the search can be divided into two main groups, feeding and social management, based on the main topic of the publication. This review provides an overview of social management, understood as the calf’s interaction with others around it.DiscussionPrimary social management issues that emerged were social housing with congeners, separation from the mother and human-animal interaction, distributed in the three broad spheres of animal welfare. The review highlights unresolved questions about how social management practices affect the three spheres of animal welfare at this life stage and the need to standardize good socialization practices for this stage. In conclusion, all the information shows that social housing has improved animal welfare from affective states, cognitive judgment, and natural living spheres. However, gaps in research were identified in relation to the optimal time to separate the calf from the mother, the optimal time to group with conspecifics after birth and group size. Further research on positive welfare through socialization are needed.</p

Reintervenciones quirúrgicas en adultos con situación Fallot: una población emergente

Introducción-objetivos: La situación Fallot tiene excelente supervivencia posquirúrgica, aunque presenta morbilidad tardía que ocasionalmente precisa reintervención: el 26% de nuestros pacientes seguidos en la unidad de cardiopatías congénitas del adulto han requerido reoperación. Analizamos estas cirugías con sus resultados. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo (1991-2014), de 90 reoperaciones en 84 adultos con situación Fallot operada. Resultados: Edad media 33 ± 10 años, 59% varones, 2 ± 1 cirugías previas/paciente, clase funcional NYHA I-II: 46,4% y III-IV: 53,6%; antecedentes de arritmia en el 45%. Indicación quirúrgica principal: insuficiencia y/o estenosis pulmonar (76,7%), insuficiencia aórtica (11,1%), defectos septales residuales (7,8%) e insuficiencia tricuspídea (4,4%). Las reoperaciones precisaron circulación extracorpórea, evitando pinzado aórtico en el 34%. Técnicas quirúrgicas realizadas: a nivel pulmonar 81,1% (implante bioprótesis 68,9%), cierre de cortocircuito residual 50%, a nivel tricuspídeo 25,5% o aórtico 18,9%. Mortalidad hospitalaria: 4,4%. Seguimiento medio: 5,9 ± 6,2 años. Durante el seguimiento fallecieron 3 pacientes, 12 se reoperaron y 9 precisaron procedimientos percutáneos. La supervivencia a los 3 y 11 años fue, respectivamente, del 96 y el 90%. Actualmente, el 92,2% mantiene grado funcional I-II y el 82,3% está en ritmo sinusal. Comparando cardiorresonancias pre y postoperatorias observamos que la bioprótesis pulmonar significativamente reduce la insuficiencia pulmonar y los volúmenes del ventrículo derecho (p = 0,001), sin modificar su contractilidad. Conclusiones: Nuestra indicación principal para reoperar adultos con Fallot se localiza a nivel pulmonar y requiere implantar una bioprótesis. Realizamos estas reintervenciones con buena supervivencia, objetivando posteriormente mejoría clínica y reducción volumétrica ventricular derecha

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease