Cultivo do cogumelo Flammulina velutipes com uso de diferentes resíduos agrícolas como substrato de frutificação

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of different agro‑residues as a carbon source in the fruiting substrates of Flammulina velutipes mushroom and the effect of supplementation with the nitrogen sources spent brewer’s yeast and rice bran. The following fruiting substrates were evaluated: rubber wood sawdust (SD), paddy straw (PS), palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), and palm‑pressed fiber (PPF). Cultivation was done on each agro‑residue, based on formulations consisting of two substrates at the ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. Mycelial growth rate and basidiocarp yield were evaluated. The best fruiting substrates were PS+EFB (25:75), PS+PPF (50:50), and PPF (100), with biological efficiency of 185.09±36.98, 150.89±50.35, and 129.06±14.51%, respectively. No significant effects of supplementation with rice bran and spent yeast were observed on mycelial growth rate and biological efficiency. The cultivation of F. velutipes on oil palm wastes does not require additional nitrogen sources.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso de diferentes resíduos agrícolas como fonte de carbono nos substratos de frutificação do cogumelo Flammulina velutipes e o efeito da suplementação com as fontes de nitrogênio levedura de cerveja fermentada e farelo de arroz. Foram avaliados os seguintes substratos de frutificação: serragem de seringueira (SS), palha de arroz (PA), cachos de frutos vazios da palma (CFV) e fibra prensada da palma (FP). O cultivo foi realizado em cada um dos resíduos, baseado em formulações que consistiram de dois substratos, nas proporções de 3:1, 1:1 e 1:3. Foram avaliadas a taxa de crescimento micelial e a produção de basidiocarpo. Os melhores substratos de frutificação foram PA+CFV (25:75), PA+FP (50:50) e FP (100), com eficiência biológica de 185,09±36,98, 150,89±50,35 e 129,06±14,51%, respectivamente. Não foram observados efeitos significativos da suplementação com farelo de arroz e levedura fermentada na taxa do crescimento micelial e na eficiência biológica. O cultivo de F. velutipes sobre resíduos de óleo de palma não necessita de fontes de nitrogênio adicionais

Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3

BACKGROUND: Mushrooms are not only regarded as gourmet cuisine but also as therapeutic agent to promote cognition health. However, little toxicological information is available regarding their safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen selected ethno-pharmacologically important mushrooms for stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth and to test for any cytotoxicity. METHODS: The stimulatory effect of mushrooms on neurite outgrowth was assessed in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Neurite length was measured using Image-Pro Insight processor system. Neuritogenesis activity was further validated by fluorescence immunocytochemical staining of neurofilaments. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast (BALB/3T3) and N2a cells for any embryo- and neuro-toxic effects; respectively. RESULTS: Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus and Grifola frondosa; as well as an ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by 38.4 ± 4.2%, 38.1 ± 2.6%, 33.4 ± 4.6%, 33.7 ± 1.5%, and 35.8 ± 3.4%; respectively. The IC(50) values obtained from tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed no toxic effects following 24 h exposure of N2a and 3T3 cells to mushroom extracts. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that G. lucidum, L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, G. frondosa and C. militaris may be developed as safe and healthy dietary supplements for brain and cognitive health

Enzymatic hydrolysis of palm oil mill effluent solid using mixed cellulases from locally isolated fungi

In order to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis of POME solid, the effects of substrate pretreatment using varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, crude enzyme from both strains in different ratio and pH reaction were studied. The best experimental conditions found to degrade POME solids were 12 h incubation time, 0.5% (v/v) sulfuric acid pretreatment, crude enzymes mixture from Aspergillus niger EB5 and Trichoderma sp. EB6 (1.75 mL Asp+0.25 mL Tri with the total cellulase activity equal to 14.76 IU) and incubation pH at 5.0. Under these conditions, the reducing sugar concentration reached 23 g L-1 with the hydrolysis yield and productivity at 32% and 1.90 g L-1 h-1, respectively. The bioconversion of POME solid to reducing sugar by the mixture of crude enzyme from the strains was relatively higher by almost 2 folds as compared to commercial cellulase. The results suggested that the crude cellulases mixture from locally isolated fungi has potential for hydrolyzing the abundant agriculture residues from the palm oil industry

Biohydrogen production from biomass and industrial wastes by dark fermentation

Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier which has a great potential to be an alternative fuel. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biohydrogen production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. This article summarizes the dark fermentative biohydrogen production from biomass. Types of potential biomass that could be the source for biohydrogen generation such as food and starch-based wastes, cellulosic materials, dairy wastes, palm oil mill effluent and glycerol are discussed in this article. Moreover, the microorganisms, factors affecting biohydrogen production such as undissociated acid, hydrogen partial pressure and metal ions are also discussed

Nutritional Composition, Antioxidant Activities, and Antiulcer Potential of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Mycelia Extract

Water extract of Lentinus squarrosulus mycelia was analysed for nutritional content, antioxidant capacity, and antiulcer ability. The extract contains high protein (57.6 g/100 g) and low total fat (0.5 g/100 g) and is rich in magnesium (0.4 g/100 g), potassium (3.8 g/100 g), vitamins B1 (1.42 mg/100 g), and B3 (194.29 mg/100 g) with total phenolic content of 39.16 mg/100 g. The cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of the extract were A450 of 0.20 ± 0.03 at 0.5 mg/ml and IC50 of 14.29 mg/ml, respectively. Oral feeding of L. squarrosulus extract (250 mg/kg) offered significant gastric mucosal protection of Sprague-Dawley rats compared to cimetidine (50 mg/kg). The ulcer healing rate of ulcerated rats after 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment was 82%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. The IL-1β level in the serum and the NF-κB level in the tissues indicate that the healing potential was associated with attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines

Rosiglitazone diminishes the high-glucose-induced modulation of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. 5- fluorouracil (5-FU), which is often administrated to disrupt carcinogenesis, was found to elevate blood glucose level among CRC patients. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the influence of rosiglitazone on antipro- liferative effect of 5-FU using cellular model. Two human colonic carcinoma cell lines (HCT 116 and HT 29) were cultured in the presence of 5-FU, rosiglitazone or in combination under normal and high glucose concentra- tion. The drug cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay whereas the assessment of cell cycle was carried out using the flow cytometry technique. Combination index (CI) method was used to determine the drug interac- tion between rosiglitazone and 5-FU. High glucose diminished the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU but at a high drug dosage, this effect could be overcome. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that 5-FU and rosiglitazone caused G1- phase arrest and S-phase arrest, respectively. CI values indicated that rosiglitazone exerted synergistic effect on 5-FU regardless of glucose levels. This study is the first to demonstrate the influence of rosiglitazone on cytotox- lucose level. Rosiglitazone may be a promising drug for enhancing the effi- cacy of 5-FU in the treatment of CRC associated with hyperglycemia

Antimicrobial activities of split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune Fr

Abstract Schizophyllum commune or commonly known as split gill mushroom is a widely distributed wooddecaying basidiomycete that has been reported for its health promoting and medical benefits. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of S. commune extracts using well diffusion method. The microorganisms tested were common pathogenic bacteria

Utjecaj tehnike uzgoja i prerade na antimikrobna i antioksidativna svojstva ekstrakta gljive Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers.

Hericium erinaceus, a temperate mushroom, is currently cultivated in Malaysia. As cultivation and processing conditions may affect the medicinal properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of locally grown H. erinaceus have been investigated. The fruitbodies that were fresh, oven-dried or freeze-dried were extracted with methanol. Their properties were compared to those exhibited by mycelium extract of the same mushroom. Various extracts of H. erinaceus inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria but not of the tested fungus. Mycelium extract contained the highest total phenolic content and the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The fresh fruitbody extract showed the most potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. However, oven-dried fruitbody extract was excellent in reducing the extent of β-carotene bleaching. The total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in the oven-dried fruitbody extract was high compared to the freeze-dried or fresh fruitbody extract. This may be due to generation and accumulation of Maillard’s reaction products (MRPs), which are known to have antioxidant properties. Thus, the consumption of H. erinaceus fruitbody grown in tropical conditions may have health promoting benefits. Furthermore, the production of H. erinaceus mycelium in submerged cultures may result in standardized antioxidant formulation for either human nutrition or therapy. Hence, it has been shown that the processing of fruitbody and not the cultivation conditions affects the selected bioactive properties of H. erinaceus.Hericium erinaceus je gljiva koja raste u umjerenom podneblju, a uzgaja se i u Maleziji. Budući da uvjeti uzgoja i prerade mogu utjecati na medicinska svojstva, ispitana su antimikrobna i antioksidacijska svojstva lokalno uzgojene gljive H. erinaceus. Svježa, sušena i zamrznuta plodna tijela gljive ekstrahirana su metanolom, a njihova su svojstva uspoređena s ekstraktom micelija. Razni ekstrakti H. erinaceus inhibirali su rast patogenih bakterija, ali ne i ispitanih kvasaca i plijesni. Ekstrakt micelija imao je najveći udio ukupnih fenola i najveći antioksidacijski kapacitet (FRAP-vrijednost), dok je ekstrakt svježeg plodnog tijela pokazao najbolju sposobnost uklanjanja DPPH radikala. U usporedbi s ekstraktima zamrznutih i svježih plodnih tijela, ekstrakt sušenog plodnog tijela imao je najbolju antioksidacijsku aktivnost (određenu metodom izbjeljivanja β-karotena), te najveći udio ukupnih fenola i ukupnu antioksidacijsku aktivnost, vjerojatno zbog nakupljanja produkata Maillardove reakcije (koji imaju antioksidacijska svojstva) tijekom sušenja. Zaključeno je da uporaba plodnog tijela gljive H. erinaceus, uzgojene u uvjetima tropske klime, može povoljno utjecati na zdravlje. Osim toga, submerznim se uzgojem micelija H. erinaceus može proizvesti standardiziran antioksidativni pripravak za prehranu ili liječenje. Time je dokazano da način prerade, a ne uzgoj, utječe na odabrana bioaktivna svojstva plodnog tijela gljive H. erinaceus

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Following Crush Injury to Rat Peroneal Nerve by Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)

Nerve crush injury is a well-established axonotmetic model in experimental regeneration studies to investigate the impact of various pharmacological treatments. Hericium erinaceus is a temperate mushroom but is now being cultivated in tropical Malaysia. In this study, we investigated the activity of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies in promoting functional recovery following an axonotmetic peroneal nerve injury in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. The aim was to investigate the possible use of this mushroom in the treatment of injured nerve. Functional recovery was assessed in behavioral experiment by walking track analysis. Peroneal functional index (PFI) was determined before surgery and after surgery as rats showed signs of recovery. Histological examinations were performed on peroneal nerve by immunofluorescence staining and neuromuscular junction by combined silver-cholinesterase stain. Analysis of PFI indicated that return of hind limb function occurred earlier in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin (positive control) group compared to negative control group. Regeneration of axons and reinnervation of motor endplates in extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin group developed better than in negative control group. These data suggest that daily oral administration of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies could promote the regeneration of injured rat peroneal nerve in the early stage of recovery

Identification and in vitro evaluation of lipids from sclerotia of lignosus rhinocerotis for antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities

Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (Tiger milk mushroom) is traditionally used to treat inflammation triggered symptoms and illnesses such as cough, fever and asthma. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the extract and fractions of sclerotia powder of L. rhinocerotis on brain microglial (BV2) cells. The ethyl acetate fraction had a total phenolic content of 0.30 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g. This fraction had ferric reducing capacity of 61.8 ± 1.8 mg FSE/g, ABTS+ scavenging activity of 36.8 ± 1.8 mg TE/g and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 21.8% ± 0.7. At doses ranging from 0.1 μg/mL - 100 μg/mL, the extract and fractions were not cytotoxic to BV2 cells. At 100 μg/mL, the crude hydroethanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction elicited the highest nitric oxide reduction activities of 68.7% and 58.2%, respectively. Linoleic and oleic acids were the major lipid constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction based on FID and GC-MS analysis. Linoleic acid reduced nitric oxide production and down regulated the expression of neuroinflammatory iNOS and COX2 genes in BV2 cells