50 research outputs found

    Oxytocin receptor and G-protein polymorphisms in patients with depression and separation anxiety

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    BACKGROUND: The impact of combined variants of Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) and G protein β3 subunit genes was investigated in relation to retrospective reports of childhood as well as contemporary adult separation anxiety (SA), based on evidence of a β/γ dimer-mediated signaling for OXTR. METHODS: A case-control association study (225 healthy adults and 188 outpatients with depression) was performed to establish Risk-Combined Genotype (RCG) of the studied variants (OXTR rs53576 and the functional Gβ3 subunit rs5443). Current SA was evaluated by the ASA-27 and retrospective childhood symptoms by the SASI. GG genotype of OXTR rs53576 combined with T-carrier genotype of Gβ3 rs5443 represented the RCG. RESULTS: Compared to non-RCG, those with RCG had significantly higher levels of childhood and adult SA. The RCG was significantly associated with childhood SA threshold score (OR=2.85, 90%CI: 1.08-7.50). Childhood SA was, in turn, strongly associated with a threshold SA score in adulthood (OR=15.58; 95% CI: 4.62-52.59). LIMITATIONS: Although the overall sample size is sizable, comparisons among subgroups with specific combination of alleles are based on relatively small numbers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that variations in OXTR and Gβ3 genes are specifically associated with presence and severity of SA in childhood and adulthood, but not with depression or anxiety in general. Because there is increasing interest in oxytocin in social behavior, the gene-SA associations identified have potential translational and clinical relevance

    Impact of a mobile phone and web program on symptom and functional outcomes for people with mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety and stress: a randomised controlled trial.

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    Background Mobile phone-based psychological interventions enable real time self-monitoring and self-management, and large-scale dissemination. However, few studies have focused on mild-to-moderate symptoms where public health need is greatest, and none have targeted work and social functioning. This study reports outcomes of a CONSORT-compliant randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy of myCompass, a self-guided psychological treatment delivered via mobile phone and computer, designed to reduce mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety and stress, and improve work and social functioning. Method Community-based volunteers with mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety and/or stress (N= 720) were randomly assigned to the myCompass program, an attention control intervention, or to a waitlist condition for seven weeks. The interventions were fully automated, without any human input or guidance. Participants’ symptoms and functioning were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up, using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Results Retention rates at post-intervention and follow-up for the study sample were 72.1% (n= 449) and 48.6% (n= 350) respectively. The myCompass group showed significantly greater improvement in symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and in work and social functioning relative to both control conditions at the end of the 7-week intervention phase (between-group effect sizes ranged from d= .22 to d= .55 based on the observed means). Symptom scores remained at near normal levels at 3-month follow-up. Participants in the attention control condition showed gradual symptom improvement during the post-intervention phase and their scores did not differ from the myCompass group at 3-month follow-up. Conclusions The myCompass program is an effective public health program, facilitating rapid improvements in symptoms and in work and social functioning for individuals with mild-to-moderate mental health problems

    Effects of mental health self-efficacy on outcomes of a mobile phone and web intervention for mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety and stress: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

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    Background: Online psychotherapy is clinically effective yet why, how, and for whom the effects are greatest remain largely unknown. In the present study, we examined whether mental health self-efficacy (MHSE), a construct derived from Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (SLT), influenced symptom and functional outcomes of a new mobile phone and web-based psychotherapy intervention for people with mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety and stress. Methods: STUDY I: Data from 49 people with symptoms of depression, anxiety and/or stress in the mild-to-moderate range were used to examine the reliability and construct validity of a new measure of MHSE, the Mental Health Self-efficacy Scale (MHSES). STUDY II: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a recently completed randomised controlled trial (N = 720) to evaluate whether MHSE effected post-intervention outcomes, as measured by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) and Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), for people with symptoms in the mild-to-moderate range. Results: STUDY I: The data established that the MHSES comprised a unitary factor, with acceptable internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .89) and construct validity. STUDY II: The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in MHSE at post-intervention relative to the control conditions (p’s < = .000). MHSE mediated the effects of the intervention on anxiety and stress symptoms. Furthermore, people with low pre-treatment MHSE reported the greatest post-intervention gains in depression, anxiety and overall distress. No effects were found for MHSE on work and social functioning. Conclusion: Mental health self-efficacy influences symptom outcomes of a self-guided mobile phone and web-based psychotherapeutic intervention and may itself be a worthwhile target to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of online treatment programs

    Rapport de projet: Description d'un centre de traitement des troubles anxieux (Sydney, Australie)

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    Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Aufbauarbeit einer Angst-Klinik in einem sozial unterprivilegierten Bezirk von Sydney, Australien. Therapiemodell und Therapieprozeß werden beschrieben. Die Klinik für Angststörungen in Bankstown sieht ihre wichtigste Funktion in der Entwicklung von rascher Diagnose und effizienter Behandlung von Angststörungen. Im Zeitalter der globalen „Einsparung“ ist es auch für Psychologen wichtig, sowohl kosteneffektiv als auch ethisch zu denken und zu behandeln, und der größtmöglichen Anzahl von Patienten die wirksamste Behandlung anzubieten.Schlüsselwörter: Angstklinik, Angststörungen, Verhaltenstherapie, Gruppentherapie, „Shared Care-Modell“.The development of an anxiety clinic in a socially underprivileged district of Sydney is described. The rational for the developments of anxiety clinics in general, and for their treatment process in particular, is presented. The Clinic for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress in Banksto^n, Sydney, Australia sees its most important function in efficient diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. At a time of global cuts and savings in the mental health system it is vital for psychologists, as well as other mental health professionals, to think ethically as well as cost-efficiently, and therefore find ways to offer the most efficient treatment to the highest number of patients.Keywords: Anxiety clinic, anxiety disorders, cognitive-behaviour therapy, group therapy, shared-care model.L’article ci-après présente l’établissement d’un centre de traitement des troubles anxieux dans un quartier défavorisé de Sydney, Australie. Ces troubles sont fréquents et chroniques. Leurs coûts humains et matériels pour les personnes concernées et pour la société sont élevés, mais peuvent être considérablement réduits lorsqu’un diagnostic exact est posé et que le traitement est adéquat. Des centres de traitement ambulatoire des troubles anxieux ont été créés en Australie vers le milieu des années quatre-vingt Ils sont un produit de l’évolution de la thérapie (cognitive) du comportement. Au début, les patients manifestant des symptômes similaires étaient traités en groupes, ceci permettant d’optimiser les objectifs de la thérapie et la motivation des clients, alors que la durée du traitement était aussi brève que possible. Des études d’outcome ont prouvé que cette démarche est efficiente et permet d’éliminer une bonne partie des symptômes anxieux. Cette évolution a permis de mener d’autres travaux de recherche et d’élaborer une forme particulière de traitement dans le cadre de centres spécialisés. Le centre de Bankstown, un quartier défavorisé de Sydney en Australie a été ouvert début 1996. Le modèle de thérapie appliqué tient compte des différentes théories sur l’étiologie des troubles anxieux: biologique, cognitive, hyperventilation, conditionnement et activation. Il est utilisé pour le traitement de troubles anxieux généralisés, de phobies sociales et de troubles paniques (avec ou sans agoraphobie), ceci dans le cadre de groupes et en fonction de l’indication fournie par une anamnèse complète. Les groupes comptent de 6 à 8 participants, un/e thérapeute et souvent un/e co-thérapeute. Ils sont fermés et se réunissent pour 8 séances (une fois par semaine pour deux heures). Une séance de follow-up est organisée deux mois plus tard. Les patients souffrant de phobies spécifiques, de troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs et d’états de stress post-traumatique sont traités en individuel. Des questionnaires psychométriques (concernant le degré d’anxiété et de dépression, les activités professionnelles et sociales, les comportements d’évitement et les effets de ces aspects) sont remplis par les patients avant et après le traitement et au moment du follow-up. Thérapies de groupe: troubles anxieux généralisés / thèmes:-  information psychologique concernant les aspects normaux de l’anxiété, les troubles anxieux, le stress et ses facteurs, les conséquences physiques et psychologiques du stress et de l’anxiété; -  réduction somatique du stress: sommeil et troubles du sommeil, alimentation (effets de la caféine, de la nicotine et d’autres substances excitatrices), exercices corporels, activités relaxantes et plaisantes et détente musculaire progressive; -  définition d’objectifs et de capacités à résoudre les problèmes: les patients apprennent à se fixer des objectifs, à élaborer et à appliquer différentes solutions concernant leurs problèmes; -  restructuration cognitive: le modèle A-B-C est présenté et pratiqué (A = Activating Event, B = Belief, C = Consequence). Une auto-observation intensive et la rédaction de “procès-verbaux” permettent de rendre conscientes les idées négatives ou irrationnelles, de s’y affronter et de les remplacer par des idées utiles. -    mesures concernant la prévention de rechutes. Troubles paniques: ici également, la thérapie de groupe se concentre sur les aspects information psychophysiologique en matière de troubles anxieux et restructuration cognitive, ainsi que sur la prévention des rechutes. S’y ajoute un point spécifique: l’explication des rapports entre hyperventilation et accès de panique, y compris un apprentissage permettant d’éviter les rythmes respiratoires qui peuvent provoquer ces derniers. Des exercices permettent d’apprendre certaines stratégies (diversions, focus cognitif, intellectualisation) aptes à interrompre un accès de panique. Sont inclus: une désensibilisation systématique permettant de prévenir l’agoraphobie (un symptôme qui accompagne souvent les accès de panique) et d’autres comportements d’évitement. Phobies sociales: les mêmes accents sont mis dans ce groupe également, auxquels s’ajoutent des aspects spécifiques: entrainement à la compétence sociale, à l’assertiveness et à l’auto-valorisation. Les thérapies de groupe sont particulièrement efficaces dans le cas de patients souffrant de phobies sociales, du fait des aspects thérapeutiques mentionnés mais aussi parce que être et agir dans le cadre du groupe constitue un processus important d’apprentissage permettant d’éliminer certains comportements d’évitement. Prescription: les patients peuvent décider eux-mêmes de suivre le traitement, mais la plupart sont envoyés par leur généraliste ou leur psychiatre. Le traitement ne coûte rien. Le centre est intégré à un modèle de “shared care ” et doit donc entretenir des rapports étroits avec les médecins qui y envoient leurs patients; il doit également contribuer au perfectionnement des généralistes en matière de troubles anxieux. On espère obtenir ainsi que le diagnostic de ces troubles se fasse plus rapidement et que moins d’anxiolytiques soient prescrits. Enseignement et recherche: le centre étant aussi une clinique universitaire, il est également chargé d’enseignement et de recherche. Il offre des supervisions aux étudiants en médecine et en psychologie. Au niveau de la recherche, l’un des projets est une étude concernant l’efficacité clinique de groupes de soutien pour patients souffrant d’accès de panique; une autre étude s’intéresse à un nouveau type de trouble anxieux: l’anxiété abandonnique chez les adultes. De futurs projets doivent inclure le traitement de troubles anxieux chez des personnes ne parlant pas l’anglais, car 36.5 % des habitants de la zone concernée sont des immigrants. Les collaborateurs de la “Clinic for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress” de Bankstown considèrent comme leurs tâches principales le diagnostic rapide et le traitement efficace des troubles anxieux. A une époque d’“économies” globales, il est essentiel que les psychologues travaillent de manière efficace sur le plan des coûts, tout en conservant à l’esprit une dimension d’ordre éthique. Il faut donc qu’ils trouvent les moyens d’offrir les traitements les plus efficaces au plus grand nombre possible de patients

    Cognitive predictors of change in cognitive behaviour therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression

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    Background: An appreciation of cognitive predictors of change in treatment outcome may help to better understand differential treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine how rumination and mindfulness impact on treatment outcome in two group-based interventions for non-melancholic depression: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Method: Sixty-nine participants were randomly allocated to either 8-weekly sessions of group CBT or MBCT. Complete data were obtained from 45 participants (CBT = 26, MBCT = 19). Outcome was assessed at completion of group treatments. Results: Depression scores improved for participants in both group interventions, with no significant differences between the two treatment conditions. There were no significant differences between the interventions at post-treatment on mindfulness or rumination scores. Rumination scores significantly decreased from pre- to post-treatment for both conditions. In the MBCT condition, post-treatment rumination scores were significantly associated with post-treatment mindfulness scores. Conclusions: Results suggest that decreases in rumination scores may be a common feature following both CBT and MBCT interventions. However, post-treatment rumination scores were associated with post-treatment mindfulness in the MBCT condition, suggesting a unique role for mindfulness in understanding treatment outcome for MBCT

    Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy vs cognitive behaviour therapy as a treatment for non-melancholic depression

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    Aim: To examine the comparative effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) as treatments for non-melancholic depression. Method: Participants who met criteria for a current episode of major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to either an 8-week MBCT (n = 19) or CBT (n = 26) group therapy condition. They were assessed at pre-treatment, 8-week post-group, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Results: There were significant improvements in pre- to post-group depression and anxiety scores in both treatment conditions and no significant differences between the two treatment conditions. However, significant differences were found when participants in the two treatment conditions were dichotomized into those with a history of four or more episodes of depression vs those with less than four. In the CBT condition, participants with four or more previous episodes of depression demonstrated greater improvements in depression than those with less than four previous episodes. No such differences were found in the MBCT treatment condition. No significant differences in depression or anxiety were found between the two treatment conditions at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Limitations: Small sample sizes in each treatment condition, especially at follow-up. Conclusions: MBCT appears to be as effective as CBT in the treatment of current depression. However, CBT participants with four or more previous episodes of depression derived greater benefits at 8-week post-treatment than those with less than four episodes
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