Seasonal and interannual variability of Columbia Glacier, Alaska (2011-2016): ice velocity, mass flux, surface elevation and front position, documentation of files

Alaskan glaciers are among the largest contributors to sea-level rise outside the polar ice sheets. The contributions include dynamic discharge from marine-terminating glaciers which depends on the seasonally variable ice velocity. Columbia Glacier is a large marine-terminating glacier located in Southcentral Alaska that has been exhibiting pronounced retreat since the early 1980s. Since 2010, the glacier has split into two branches, the main branch and the west branch. We derived a 5-year record of surface velocity, mass flux (ice discharge), surface elevation and changes in front position using a dense time series of TanDEM-X synthetic aperture radar data (2011–2016). We observed distinct seasonal velocity patterns at both branches. At the main branch, the surface velocity peaked during late winter to midsummer but reached a minimum between late summer and fall. Its near-front velocity reached up to 14 m day−1 in May 2015 and was at its lowest speed of ~1 m day−1 in October 2012. Mass flux via the main branch was strongly controlled by the seasonal and interannual fluctuations of its velocity. The west branch also exhibited seasonal velocity variations with comparably lower magnitudes. The role of subglacial hydrology on the ice velocities of Columbia Glacier is already known from the published field measurements during summers of 1987. Our observed variability in its ice velocities on a seasonal basis also suggest that they are primarily controlled by the seasonal transition of the subglacial drainage system from an inefficient to an efficient and channelized drainage networks. However, abrupt velocity increase events for short periods (2014–2015 and 2015–2016 at the main branch, and 2013–2014 at the west branch) appear to be associated with strong near-front thinning and frontal retreat. This needs further investigation on the role of other potential controlling mechanisms. On the technological side, this study demonstrates the potential of high-resolution X-band SAR missions with a short revisit interval to examine glaciological variables and controlling processes

Customer Segmentation and Business Sales Forecasting using Machine Learning for Business Development

This study explores the application of machine learning techniques for business development, focusing on sales prediction and customer segmentation, using a Walmart dataset. Performance metrics include Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and R2 scores. Our hybrid approach combines the BIRCH algorithm with time-lagged machine learning (TL-ML). The results reveal that customer segmentation significantly improves model performance across all metrics. Among the techniques tested, models incorporating customer segmentation (CS-RFR and CS-TL-ML) outperform standard Random Forest Regressor models. Specifically, CS-TL-ML shows a slight advantage in terms of both lower MAE and higher R2 scores, confirming its efficacy for sales prediction and customer segmentation tasks

Evaluating The Effect of pH of Dentin Bonding Agents on Dentin in Relation to the Push-Out Bond Strength of Composites in Class I Cavities in-vitro

INTRODUCTION: Today, the popularity of amalgam as restorative material has decreased due to poor esthetic characteristics and mercury contamination with composite resin materials becoming a choice among the both dentists and patients. AIM: The objective of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the effect of pH of dentin bonding agents (Adper Easy Bond and Xeno V) on dentin in relation to push out bond strength of composite restored with Filtek bulk fill posterior restorative composites.MATERIALS AND METHOD: Sixty caries free human molars with no cracks or previous restorations were used for investigation. Standard box-type Class-I Cavities of 3.5 mm x 3.5 mm and depth of 4 mm were prepared on the occlusal surface of the molars. Teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups namely Group A, Group B of 30 teeth each, according to the dentin adhesives applied i.e Adper Easy bond and Xeno V. Two bonding agents with different pH were selected for the study. One was Adper Easy Bond with Ultra mild pH of 2.7. Other was Xeno V Self etch with strong pH of <1.3. Push-out test was performed by placing specimens within a centralizing ring to ensure a centered application of the load, resting on another ring, with a central hole slightly larger than the restoration diameter. The test was performed with a universal Testing Machine to express bond strength in mega pascals (MPa), load value in Newton (N). After testing the push-out bond strength, the samples were analyzed under a stereomicroscope.RESULTS: Adper Easy bond with an ultra mild pH 2.7 is better as compared to Xeno V Self etch with strong pH of <1.3.The most common mode of failure observed with Adper was mixed fracture and cohesive dentin fracture, while in Xeno V, adhesive failure between resin and dentin and cohesive resin fracture was observed. The mean maximum force was significantly more among Adper compared to Xeno V.CONCLUSION: Comparison of dentin bonding agents in this in vitro study revealed that the push out bond strength of Adper Easy performed better than Xeno V

A Defected Ground Structure Based Compact Circular Patch Antenna Design for mm Wave Application

This paper presents a novel defected ground structure-based slotted circular patch antenna for mm-Wave application. A circular patch antenna with a compact size of 10 mm×8 mm×0.75 mm is fabricated in the lab. The designed antenna has a 2 GHz impedance bandwidth that covers the frequency range of 42GHz to 44GHz. It achieves a directional radiation pattern for millimeter-wave applications and has a maximum realized gain of 6 dBi at the operating frequency of 42.65 GHz. Defected ground structure (DGS) is loaded on the bottom of the dielectric substrate, which improves the gain and reduces the surface wave propagation. The proposed antenna has achieved circular polarization which makes it suitable for the mm-Wave application

Wearable Technology and Extended Applications

We are living in the turbulent flow of technology, which increases exponentially with every second we live. Technology has made our life ease, effective and enables us to do something we always dreamed of. Wearable Technology is the next step that is taken towards the next generation interaction with new modules and future designed gadgets that works with much efficiency, flexibility, accuracy and can perform various complex operation with ease. Wearable technologies are adding more layers to our life by increasing the ways we communicate and share information with each other. The continuity of these devices creates a continuous link between people that they can relate to each other. Wearable Technology is aimed to provide the real time interaction with new evolving mobile widgets and gadgets. We would see how this technology will overcome the limitations of the existing mobile gadgets and bring it to the new extended level in compare to current scenario. Wearable Technology is new technological revolution that would create a world faster reliable and secure data transmission network. We would analysis the capability, expandability and limitations of it

Automatic delineation of debris-covered glaciers using InSAR coherence derived from X-, C- and L-band radar data: A case study of Yazgyl Glacier

Despite their importance for mass-balance estimates and the progress in techniques based on optical and thermal satellite imagery, the mapping of debris-covered glacier boundaries remains a challenging task. Manual corrections hamper regular updates. In this study, we present an automatic approach to delineate glacier outlines using interferometrically derived synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence, slope and morphological operations. InSAR coherence detects the temporally decorrelated surface (e.g. glacial extent) irrespective of its surface type and separates it from the highly coherent surrounding areas. We tested the impact of different processing settings, for example resolution, coherence window size and topographic phase removal, on the quality of the generated outlines. We found minor influence of the topographic phase, but a combination of strong multi-looking during interferogram generation and additional averaging during coherence estimation strongly deteriorated the coherence at the glacier edges. We analysed the performance of X-, C- and L- band radar data. The C-band Sentinel-1 data outlined the glacier boundary with the least misclassifications and a type II error of 0.47% compared with Global Land Ice Measurements from Space inventory data. Our study shows the potential of the Sentinel-1 mission together with our automatic processing chain to provide regular updates for land-terminating glaciers on a large scale

EFFECT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PANCREATIC TISSUE OF DIABETIC RATS

Increased oxidative stress and decreased endogenous antioxidant defense has been shown to be a prominent and early features in diabetes mellitus. The present study focused on investigating the possible protective role of Parthenium hysterophorus against free radical mediated damage in pancreatic tissue of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by injecting 150 mg/kg Alloxan monohydrate IP. The results revealed that administration of 50 mg/kg & 100 mg/kg of Parthenium hysterophorus extract significantly increased pancreatic glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase level (p<0.01) as well as significantly reduced pancreatic total nitrate/nitrite content and lipid peroxidation (p<0.01) after 72 hr. In conclusion, the study suggests that Parthenium hysterophorus is effective in significantly reducing the oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue of diabetes rats as evidenced by the increase in antioxidant enzymes, reduction of lipid peroxidation and total nitrate/nitrite level

Single layer versus double layer closure of enteric perforation- a comparative study

Background: Small intestine perforation and gastrointestinal haemorrhage are the most common and dreadful complications of enteric fever. There are different operative procedures available for enteric perforation repair. In the present study attempts should be made to find out which operative procedure (either single layer or double layer closure) should be planned in enteric perforation by comparing these, in terms of morbidity, mortality and cost effectiveness.Methods: This study was carried out on 50 patients of either sex. They were divided in two groups Group- A     (conventional double layer repair in 25 patients) and Group- B (single layer interrupted sutures in 25 patients). After analysing the result of this study, it can be concluded that single layer repair for enteric perforation can be constructed in less time and with less complication rate compared with the conventional two layer repair technique, it also recovers the patient early and causing earlier bowel activity than two layer repair.Results: 50 patients were studied in the present study and results were in favour of single layer group as time taken for perforation repair and overall surgical time was less in this group. Moreover, single layer repair also helps early bowel activity and early recovery to the patient than double layer technique.Conclusions: Double layer closure of enteric perforation offers no definitive advantage over single layer repair in terms of faecal fistula formation, operative time, returns of bowel movements and other complications like wound abscess formation, wound dehiscence, respiratory complications etc. Less operative time and other factors in favour of single layer repair makes it the choice of procedure for most of the surgeons

Concentration dependence of drift and magnetoresistance ballistic mobility in a scaled-down metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor

The degradation of ballistic mobility in a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor is attributed to the nonstationary ballistic injection from the contacts as the length of a channel shrinks to the length smaller than the scattering-limited mean free path. Apparent contradiction between the rise of magnetoresistance mobility and fall of drift mobility with increasing channel concentration is attributed to scattering-dependent magnetoresistance factor. The ballistic mean free path of injected carriers is found to be substantially higher than the long-channel drift mean free path. Excellent agreement with the experimental data on length-limited ballistic mobility is obtained