Mean of demographic details and stratified allele status specific clinical measures (in percentage).

<p>Mean of demographic details and stratified allele status specific clinical measures (in percentage).</p

Estimated marginal mean of patients with mTBI, stratified according to their genetic allele status and their domain specific neuropsychological test standard scores across timepoints.

<p>(A) Non-significant changes in the attention domain standard score (SS) overtime, with Met carrier performing poorly in the acute stage. (B) Non-significant changes in the language domain standard score (SS) overtime, with the Met carriers, performing poorly acutely, and remaining so overtime. (C) Significant interaction between the allele carrier status and change in memory SS over time with the Met allele carriers showing signs of deterioration at 6 months post trauma. (D) Non- significant changes in the visuospatial SS, intact in both allele groups. (E) Non-significant interactions between allele carrier status and neurocognitive performance within the domains of executive function, with the SS recovery rate being slower in the Met allele carriers. (F) Non-significant changes in the overall index SS, with the Met allele carriers remaining impaired over time.</p

Paired-sample t-test, Cohen’s <i>d</i> effect size (ES) calculation, and the comparison of ES by the measurement of the domain specific standard scores (SS) across the time points (admission vs. 6 month follow up) based on the BDNF rs6265 allele status.

<p>Paired-sample t-test, Cohen’s <i>d</i> effect size (ES) calculation, and the comparison of ES by the measurement of the domain specific standard scores (SS) across the time points (admission vs. 6 month follow up) based on the BDNF rs6265 allele status.</p

List of BDNF SNPs studied, chromosome position, minor allele frequencies and genotyping quality control values of study healthy subjects, patients with mTBI and comparative haplotype groups.

<p>Abbreviation: MAF, Minor Allele Frequency; HapMap, Haplotype Map; CHB/HCB, Han Chinese of Beijing; CHD, Han Chinese of Denver, JPT, Japanese of Tokyo; CEU,Northern and Western European Ancestry, Utah; ESP-Cohort, Exome Sequencing Project Cohort. ¹ Reference minor allele frequency as reported in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=6265" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=6265</a>. ² Reference minor allele frequency as reported in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1048218" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1048218</a>. ³ Reference minor allele frequency as reported in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1048220" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1048220</a>. ⁴ Reference minor allele frequency as reported in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1048221" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1048221</a>. ⁵ Reference minor allele frequency as reported in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=8192466" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=8192466</a>. ⁶ Reference minor allele frequency as reported in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=139352447" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=139352447</a>.</p

The primer sequences of 6 SNPs of BDNF studied.

<p>The primer sequences of 6 SNPs of BDNF studied.</p

Covert cognition in disorders of consciousness: A meta-analysis

Covert cognition in patients with disorders of consciousness represents a real diagnostic conundrum for clinicians. In this meta-analysis, our main objective was to identify clinical and demographic variables that are more likely to be associated with responding to an active paradigm. Among 2018 citations found on PubMed, 60 observational studies were found relevant. Based on the QUADAS-2, 49 studies were considered. Data from 25 publications were extracted and included in the meta-analysis. Most of these studies used electrophysiology as well as counting tasks or mental imagery. According to our statistical analysis, patients clinically diagnosed as being in a vegetative state and in a minimally conscious state minus (MCS−) show similar likelihood in responding to active paradigm and responders are most likely suffering from a traumatic brain injury. In the future, multi-centric studies should be performed in order to increase sample size, with similar methodologies and include structural and functional neuroimaging in order to identify cerebral markers related to such a challenging diagnosis

International survey on the implementation of the European and American guidelines on disorders of consciousness

Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic procedures for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDoCs) vary signifcantly across countries and clinical settings, likely due to organizational factors (e.g., research vs. non-academic hospitals), expertise and availability of resources (e.g., fnancial and human). Two international guidelines, one from the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and one from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in collaboration with the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM) and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR), were developed to facilitate consistent practice among professionals working with this challenging patient population. While the recommendations of both guidelines agree in principle, it remains an open issue how to implement them into clinical practice in the care pathway for patients with pDoCs. We conducted an online survey to explore health professional clinical practices related to the management of patients with pDoCs, and compare said practices with selected recommendations from both the guidelines. The survey revealed that while some recommendations are being followed, others are not and/or may require more honing/specifcity to enhance their clinical utility. Particular attention should be given to the implementation of a multimodal assessment of residual consciousness, to the detection and treatment of pain, and to the impact of restrictions imposed by COVID-19 pandemics on the involvement of patients’ families/representatives.</p