जल कृषि प्रजाति के आनुवंशिक सुधार के लिए जैव प्रौघोगिकी उपकरणों का प्रयोग

कृपया पूरा लेखा पढ

सीप गठन की प्रेरणा के लिए समुद्री द्विकपाटी मोलस्क के मैन्टिल ऊतक के पात्रेन संवर्धन का प्रयोग

In vivo culture of mantle tissue of bivalve molluscs for induced pearl productio

High contrast imaging and thickness determination of graphene with in-column secondary electron microscopy

We report a new method for quantitative estimation of graphene layer thicknesses using high contrast imaging of graphene films on insulating substrates with a scanning electron microscope. By detecting the attenuation of secondary electrons emitted from the substrate with an in-column low-energy electron detector, we have achieved very high thickness-dependent contrast that allows quantitative estimation of thickness up to several graphene layers. The nanometer scale spatial resolution of the electron micrographs also allows a simple structural characterization scheme for graphene, which has been applied to identify faults, wrinkles, voids, and patches of multilayer growth in large-area chemical vapor deposited graphene. We have discussed the factors, such as differential surface charging and electron beam induced current, that affect the contrast of graphene images in detail.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

The Limited Role of Microbiological Culture and Sensitivity in the Management of Superficial Soft Tissue Abscesses

The aim of this study was to assess the role of the routine practice of microbial culture and sensitivity at incision and drainage of superficial soft tissue abscesses. The case notes of 162 consecutive patients, selected from the microbiology database over a period of 1 year, were reviewed. All had incision and drainage of superficial soft tissue abscesses and included perianal, pilonidal, axillary, and breast abscesses. Patients with chronic wounds, recurrent abscesses, diabetes, pregnancy, and immunosuppression were excluded. The impact of pus culture and sensitivity (C/S) on management and clinical outcome was documented. Out of 162 patients, 97 were male (59.8%) and 65 were female (40.1%). Only 115 (70.9%) yielded positive cultures and 47 (29.1%) were sterile. The cultured microbial flora was predictable and sensitive to empirical antibiotics. In four patients, the results of microbial culture sensitivity showed microbial resistance to empirical antibiotics; however, it did not affect the management or the outcome for these patients. The routine practice of sending swabs for C/S after incision and drainage of superficial soft tissue abscesses does not contribute significantly towards patient management. Most patients are already on antibiotics prior to the referral and in the remainder, surgeons start antibiotics empirically. These broad-spectrum antibiotics cover the common pathogens involved, and there is no significant change in the antibiotic treatment after reviewing the culture reports following incision and drainage of uncomplicated superficial skin abscesses

Cell Culture and Gene Expression Studies in Relation to Biomineralization in the Black-lip Pearl Oyster, Pinctada margaritifera

Nacre is composed of aragonite platelets and organic material formed by molluscs as inner shell layer through biomineralization process, and mantle epithelial cells control nacre formation. A primary culture of granulated epithelial cells was established from mantle tissue of Pinctada margaritifera, through a process of continuous sub-culturing at 28°C in yeast supplemented sea water culture medium. Nuclear beads were placed in culture wells containing semi-solid agar medium and incubated in vitro with cultured granulated epithelial cells in order to evaluate the nacre secretion. On visual observation, a brown coloration was observed on the surface of the bead after 7-10 days. Evaluation of the surface of the nuclear beads by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 60 days of incubation revealed a good brick and mortar pattern, characteristic of nacreous layer formation. A lustrous hue was also seen to develop on bead surfaces after this stage. SEM images of a cross section of the nacre-coated bead showed a pattern of arrangement of aragonite tablets similar to that seen in cross sections of the nacre layer of shell of molluscs. The functional ability of cultured granulated epithelial cells was further confirmed by detecting gene expression of two matrix proteins, nacrein and amorphous calcium carbonate binding proteins (ACCBP), which play an important role in formation of the nacreous layer, in both cultured cells and in native mantle tissue. Amplification products for nacrein (480 bp) and ACCBP (500 bp) genes were obtained in both native mantle tissue and in vitro cultured mantle epithelial cells. There was good correlation between the expression patterns of the two genes in in vitro cultured cells and in native mantle tissue, signifying that cultured mantle epithelial cells retain their functional characteristics of biomineralization

Whom to blame for brain health and appetite slump in toddlers? A narrative review

Abstract Food preference in children depends on the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to flavors during prenatal and postnatal period through amniotic fluid, breast milk, and weaning foods have been identified as possible influences on food preference and acceptance in children. Therefore, maternal nutrition has a strong influence on the child’s food preference early in life. Aim: The authors carried out a narrative review to understand the contribution of maternal nutrition on the food preferences in children in later life. Methods: The authors retrieved the articles from SCOPUS, Medline, Science Direct, CINAHL, EBSCO, and PubMed central databases. The key words including food preferences, food choice, and acceptance of food, pregnant women, toddlers, and food culture were used to identify the appropriate articles. The authors included in the review, full-text articles, published in English language between 1995 and 2018. In total, six articles, which met the inclusion criteria, were included in the final review. Results: The results revealed that there is a very strong connection between the exposure to flavors during prenatal and postnatal period and food preference and acceptance in children in later life. The olfactory and gustatory exposures to flavors during prenatal period through maternal diet, and during postnatal period through breast milk and weaning foods determines the food preferences in childhood. Conclusion: We conclude that maternal nutrition has a strong influence on the child’s food preference early in the life, therefore effective strategies should be designed to increase healthy feeding choices during the prenatal and postnatal periods

Plant-derived tetranortriterpenoid, methyl angolensate activates apoptosis and prevents ehrlich ascites carcinoma induced tumorigenesis in mice

Background: Cancer is a leading health problem throughout the world. For decades, natural plant products have been playing promising roles as anticancer agents. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the chemotherapeutic potential of Methyl Angolensate (MA), purified from Soymida febrifuga in mice bearing carcinoma and examines the molecular basis for its anticancer actions. Study Design: The inhibitory effects of MA treatment on the survival of mice bearing Carcinoma and adverse side effects of MA treatment in mice were analyzed. Methods: Tumor volume, life span, histopathology, Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, estimation of liver enzyme, alkaline phosphatase and metabolites, creatinine and urea. Results: Oral administration of MA in mice with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma showed significant inhibition of tumor growth compared to untreated mice. We observed a significant increase in the life span (∼4-fold) of tumor bearing animals following treatment with MA. MA affected tumor cell proliferation by activating intrinsic pathway of apoptosis without imparting any side effect on normal cells. MA treatment in mice showed no major side effects. Conclusion: MA treatment showed significant inhibition of tumor growth by inducing apoptosis as well increased life span of mice, with no adverse side effects to normal cells. Altogether, the present in vivo study provides new insights of MA serving as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent

Evaluation of different media for cell proliferation in mantle tissue culture of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)

The aim of the present study was to establish a suitable culture system for tissue explants from the mantle of the green mussel, Perna viridis. The experiments were conducted using healthy, live green mussels in the size range of 75 to 110 g collected from Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu. Three different culture media namely M199, Leibovitz L-15 and sterile seawater were used to assess the most suitable medium for growth, proliferation and viability of mantle epithelial cells. The effect of the addition of two supplements viz., 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) and 0.1% yeast extract to the culture media was also evaluated. After carefully isolating the pallial layer from the mantle tissue, 1-2 mm2 size explants were successfully cultured in 12-well plates at 25°C for up to 14 days. Cultures were monitored under light and phase contrast objectives in an inverted microscope. Cell counts were made and cell size was measured for each treatment. Cells were observed to migrate from the periphery of the explant within 24 h after initiation of cultures. The liberated cells were mostly round and were either granulocytes or hyalinocytes. Fibroblast-like cells were also observed. Our results showed that proliferation of epithelial cells from mantle tissue was maximum in seawater medium (7.4x104 cells ml-1), followed by L-15 medium (2.55x104 cells ml-1). Average cell size in seawater medium was 10.72 μm and that in L-15 and M199 media was 8.56 and 6.39 μm, respectively. Adherent cells were also more prominent and higher in number in seawater medium. Supplementation of culture media with 10% FCS and 0.1% yeast extract improved both cell proliferation and cell size in all the three culture media. Four concentrations of 0.1% yeast extract (@ 50 μl, 75 μl, 100 μl, 150 μl ml-1 medium) were tested in the present study and best results were obtained with 100 μl ml-1, with respect to both cell counts and size