Upravljanje putanjama vazduhoplova u kontroli letenja na pre-taktičkom i taktičkom nivou

Global air traffic demand is continuously increasing, and it is predicted to be tripled by 2050. The need for increasing air traffic capacity motivates a shift of ATM towards Trajectory Based Operations (TBOs). This implies the possibility to design efficient congestion-free aircraft trajectories more in advance (pre-tactical, strategic level) reducing controller’s workload on tactical level. As consequence, controllers will be able to manage more flights. Current flow management practices in air traffic management (ATM) system shows that under the present system settings there are only timid demand management actions taken prior to the day of operation such as: slot allocation and strategic flow rerouting. But the choice of air route for a particular flight is seen as a commercial decision to be taken by airlines, given air traffic control constraints. This thesis investigates the potential of robust trajectory planning (considered as an additional demand management action) at pre-tactical level as a mean to alleviate the en-route congestion in airspace. Robust trajectory planning (RTP) involves generation of congestion-free trajectories with minimum operating cost taking into account uncertainty of trajectory prediction and unforeseen event. Although planned cost could be higher than of conventional models, adding robustness to schedules might reduce cost of disruptions and hopefully lead to reductions in operating cost. The most of existing trajectory planning models consider finding of conflict-free trajectories without taking into account uncertainty of trajectory prediction. It is shown in the thesis that in the case of traffic disturbances, it is better to have a robust solution otherwise newly generated congestion problems would be hard and costly to solve. This thesis introduces a novel approach for route generation (3D trajectory) based on homotopic feature of continuous functions. It is shown that this approach is capable of generating a large number of route shapes with a reasonable number of decision variables. Those shapes are then coupled with time dimension in order to create trajectories (4D)...Globalna potražnja za vazdušnim saobraćajem u stalnom je porastu i prognozira se da će broj letova biti utrostručen do 2050 godine. Potreba za povećanjem kapaciteta sistema vazdušnog saobraćaja motivisala je promene u sistemu upravljanja saobraćajnim tokovima u kome će u budućnosti centralnu ulogu imati putanje vazduhoplova tzv. “trajectory-based” koncept. Takav sistem omogućiće planiranje putanja vazduhoplova koje ne stvaraju zagušenja u sistemu na pre-taktičkom nivou i time smanjiti radno opterećenje kontrolora na taktičkom nivou. Kao posledica, kontrolor će moći da upravlja više letova nego u današnjem sistemu. Današnja praksa upravljanja saobraćajnim tokovima pokazuje da se mali broj upravljačkih akcija primenjuje pre dana obavljanja letova npr.: alokacija slotova poletanja i strateško upravljanje saobraćajnim tokovima. Međutim izbor putanje kojom će se odviti let posmatra se kao komercijalna odluka aviokompanije (uz poštovanje postavljenih ograničenja od strane kontrole letenja) i stoga je ostavljen na izbor avio-kompaniji. Većina, do danas razvijenih, modela upravljanja putanjama vazduhoplova ima za cilj generisanje bez-konfliktnih putanja, ne uzimajući u obzir neizvesnost u poziciji vazduhoplova. U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji ispitivano je planiranje robustnih putanja vazduhoplova (RTP) na pre-taktičkom nivou kao sredstvo ublažavanja zagušenja u vazdušnom prostoru . Robustno upravljanje putanjama vazduhoplova podrazumeva izbor putanja vazduhoplova sa minimalnim operativnim troškovima koje ne izazivaju zagušenja u vazdušnom prostoru u uslovima neizvesnosti buduđe pozicije vazduhoplova i nepredviđenih događaja. Iako predviđeni (planirani) operativni troškovi robustnih putanja mogu u startu biti veći od operativnih troškova bez-konfliktnih putanja, robusnost može uticati na smanjenje troškove poremećaja putanja jer ne zahteva dodatnu promenu putanja vazduhplova radi izbegavanja konfliktnih situacija na taktičkom nivou. To na kraju može dovesti i do smanjenja stvarnih operativnih troškova. U tezi je pokazano, da je u slučaju poremećaja saobraćaja bolje imati robustno rešenje (putanje), jer novo-nastali problem zagušenosti vazdušnog prostora je teško i skupo rešiti..

Trace Metals in the Environment and Population as Possible Long Term Consequence of War in Osijek-Baranja County, Croatia

War in Croatia resulted with a significant release of contaminants into the environment as a result of the use of combat assets, mainly conventional, mostly aimed at civilian targets. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentration of metals and metalloids in the soils, water, plants (Taraxacum officinale), serum, urine and hair of the inhabitants in eastern Croatia. Overall results show minor abnormalities in presence of some trace metals in soil (As, Hg, Pb, Sb), water (As, Fe) and dandelion leaves (As) in some locations. Compared with soil samples from areas exposed to low intensity combat activity soil samples from areas exposed to heavy fighting had higher concentrations of As, Hg and Pb than allowed by national legislation for ecologic farming. Drinking water with the exceptions of the concentrations of Fe, As and Mn was in accordance with national legislation. Examinees from Dalj had mean hair Sb level 10-19x higher then examinees from any other location. However, when these data are correlated through methods of Principal Component Analysis, presence of trace metals in some war affected areas can be followed from soil, through plants up to population proving that intense combat activities over small area leave metal presence that can be followed even 15 years after the war

Teachers role in the application and development of multimodal learning in foreign language teaching Роль преподавателей в применении и развитии мультимодального обучения в обучении иностранному языку

Predmet naučnog istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije je ispitivanje uloge multimodalnog učenja na časovima stranih jezika. Ispituje se na koji način multimodalne aktivnosti utiču na učenike u skladu sa njihovim znanjem stranog jezika i stepenom digitalne pismenosti. Istraživanje, najpre, kreće od ispitivanja uloge nastavnika, njihovih stavova i uverenja u vezi sa primenom savremenih tehnologija na časovima stranih jezika. Naime, multimodalno učenje predstavlja interdisciplinarni način učenja koje podrazumeva upotrebu modova nalik tekstu, slikama, video i audio sadržaja, grafikona i ostalo. Kako bi se multimodalno učenje razvijalo u nastavi stranih jezika, neophodna je razvijena digitalna pismenost koja obuhvata sposobnost selekcije, analize i adekvatne upotrebe digitalnih informacija. Cilj doktorske disertacije jeste da se ispita uloga nastavnika u multimodalnoj nastavi stranih jezika i na koji način multimodalne aktivnosti utiču na učenike. Sa ciljem dobijanja verodostojnih rezultata istraživanja, korišćene su kvantitativne metode u vidu upitnika i kvalitativne metode koje podrazumevaju dubinske intervjue sa nastavnicima i analizu multimodalnih aktivnosti studenata. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da unapređenje digitalnih kompetencija čini organizaciju nastavnog procesa uspešnijom, da nastavnici stiču pozitivne stavove kada se usavršavaju za primenu novih tehnologija, kao i da nastavnici sa razvijenom multimodalnom pismenošću predstavljaju model učenicima jer koriste modove u pripremi nastavnih materijala i podstiču učenike da kreiraju multimodalne projekte. Takođe, utvrđeno je da studenti prepoznaju vrednost digitalnih alata u radu kao i da imaju aktivnu ulogu istraživača u kreiranju onlajn projektnih zadataka što i jeste u osnovi multimodalnog učenja.The subject of scientific research of this doctoral dissertation is the exploration of the role of multimodal learning in foreign language classes. It researches how multimodal activities affect students in accordance with their knowledge of a foreign language and developed digital literacy. Primarily, the research starts from exploring the role of teachers, their attitudes and beliefs regarding the application of modern technologies in foreign language classes. Namely, multimodal learning is an interdisciplinary way of learning that involves the use of modes such as texts, images, video and audio contents, charts and more. With the aim of developing multimodal learning in foreign language teaching, it is necessary to develop digital literacy that includes the ability to select, analyze and adequately use digital information. The aim of the doctoral dissertation is to research the role of teachers in multimodal foreign language teaching and how multimodal activities affect students language learning. In order to obtain credible research results both quantitative and qualitative methods were used: quantitative methods in the form of questionnaires and qualitative methods that include in-depth interviews with teachers and analysis of multimodal student activities. The results of the research showed that the improvement of digital competencies makes the organization of the teaching process more successful, that teachers acquire positive attitudes when they improve for the application of new technologies, and that teachers with developed multimodal literacy represent a model to students because they use mods in multimodal projects. Also, it was determined that students recognize the value of digital tools in their work and that they have an active role of researchers in creating online project tasks, which is the basis of multimodal learning

Primarni serozni papilarni adenokarcinom jajovoda

Fallopian tube cancer is least common of all gynecologic tumors, with the mean age at onset between 54 and 63 years. This case report presents a 67-year-old female, gravida 1, para 1, with primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube, detected and diagnosed preoperatively in clinical stage III c. The patient was asymptomatic, with only mild vaginal discharge of amber color and normal measured value of CA 125. The diagnosis was based on routine clinical and ultrasound examination, followed by surgery, surgical-pathological staging of the disease, and finally paclitaxel and platinum based chemotherapy. The patient has been in remission for nine years now.Rak jajovoda je najrjeđi među svim ginekološkim tumorima s najvećom incidencijom u dobnoj skupini od 54 do 63 godine. Rad prikazuje primarni adenokarcinom jajovoda kod 67-godišnje bolesnice, gravida 1, para 1, otkriven i prijeoperacijski dijagnosticiran u kliničkom stadiju III c. Bolesnica je bila asimptomatska, a jedini simptom je bio blagi vaginalni iscjedak jantarne boje, uz uredne izmjerene vrijednosti CA 125. Dijagnoza se temeljila na kliničkom pregledu i ultrazvučnoj dijagnostici, nakon čega je potvrđena perioperacijski, kroz kirurško-patološko određivanje stupnja proširenosti. Nakon operacijskog zahvata bolesnica je podvrgnuta kemoterapiji zasnovanoj na paklitakselu i platini. Bolesnica se devet godina nalazi u remisiji

Promjene u kvaliteti vode rijeke Drave prije i poslije Domovinskog rata

The goal of this study was to analyse 13 physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the Drava River water at three sampling sites in the lower Drava region (eastern Croatia) over two distinct periods: the pre-war period between 1985 and 1992 and the post-war period between 1993 and 2008. Over both periods, most parameters kept within the tolerable water quality limits, while NO3-N, NH4-N and BOD5 were higher. The lower Drava showed slight organic pollution with high concentrations of dissolved oxygen. High levels of total coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria in the post-war period were only found downstream of the town of Osijek. Upstream of Osijek, the river showed a tendency for improvement.prostornih i vremenskih promjena tijekom perioda od 24 godine. Analizirali smo 13 fi zikalno-kemijskih i mikrobioloških parametara vode rijeke Drave na tri mjerne postaje smještene na području donjeg toka Drave (istočna Hrvatska) tijekom dvaju različitih razdoblja: 1985.-1992. (period prije rata) i 1993.-2008. (period poslije rata). Iako su vrijednosti većine podataka prikupljenih tijekom dvaju promatranih razdoblja oscilirale, vrijednosti su im se još uvijek nalazile u granicama za I. i II. vrstu voda. Vrijednosti nekih fi zikalno-kemijskih varijabla, kao što su NO3-N, NH4-N i BPK5 još su uvijek iznad granice za II. vrstu. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su blago organsko onečišćenje vode rijeke Drave s visokim koncentracijama otopljenog kisika. Povećanje broja ukupnih koliformnih i heterotrofnih bakterija u poslijeratnom razdoblju veliki je problem u području nizvodno od Osijeka pri čemu njihov broj katkad dostiže i vrijednosti za V. skupinu površinskih voda. Rezultati analize kvalitete vode rijeke Drave u dva različita razdoblja na dva mjerna mjesta uzvodno od Osijeka upućuju na tendenciju poboljšanja, iako neki od promatranih parametara pokazuju vrijednosti više od onih za II. skupinu riječnih voda. Različitosti, odnosno sličnosti među mjernim postajama istražene su metodom klasterske analize

An Analysis of the Pollution Problem in Slavonski Brod (Eastern Croatia)

H2S, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2 and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction were measured simultaneously in an eastern Croatian town called Slavonski Brod during the season winter/spring 2010. Emissions from the nearby cross-border (Bosnia and Herzegovina) oil refinery were identified as sources of temporary elevated concentrations of H2S. The maximum daily averages of PM2.5 concentrations during the winter period were as high as 240 mg m–3 which is a value 10 times greater than the threshold prescribed by the World Health Organization. It is considered that the heating season, dense traffic, intense industrial activities and temperature inversion during stable weather conditions are prevailing contributors to higher winter concentrations of PM2.5. The results of the principal component analysis technique (PCA) have shown that lower air temperature, lower wind speed and higher relative humidity play a significant role in the winter pollution episodes. From a public health point of view, implementation of measures aimed at reducing the levels of H2S and PM2.5 should be considered

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) as one of the indicators of possible environmental pollution by metals and metalloids in Eastern Croatia

Svrha: Nakon biomonitoringa (serum, kosa, urin) lokalnog stanovništva, te okolišnog monitoringa putem uzoraka tla, vode i jestivog samoniklog bilja istočne Hrvatske, u okviru istraživanja opeterećenosti metalima i metaloidima, kao mogućoj posljedici ratnih zbivanja, s područja gdje je poljoprivredna djelatnost ponovo saživjela, izuzimani su uzorci kupusa (zelja), odličnog indikatora taloženja teških metala i metaloida u okolišu. Cilj istraživanja: Hipoteza studije je da su na području istočne Hrvatske, u područjima izloženim borbenim djelovanjima, u okolišu i populaciji, prisutne povećane koncentracije metala i metaloida povezanih s ratnim djelovanjima u odnosu na područja koja su bila pošteđena ratnih djelovanja. Cilj je bio utvrditi postoje li razlike u koncentracijama metala i metaloida uspoređujući lokacije visokog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LVIBD) s lokacijama niskog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LNIBD). Osim toga pokušala se utvrditi moguća međusobna povezanost kontaminacije s metalima u tlu i kod ljudi, te postoji li podudarnost po pitanju mogućih „vrućih točaka“, mjesta značajno opterećenih metalima. Materijal i metode: Ukupno je s 14 lokacija izuzeto 14 uzoraka kupusa i to 12 uzoraka s lokacija visokog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LVIBD), te dva uzorka s lokacija niskog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LNIBD) sa 14 lokacija. Koncentracije 20 metala i metaloida (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, U, V i Zn), koji se koriste u vojne svrhe, utvrđivane su postupkom induktivno suspregnute plazme i spektrometrije masa ICP-MS. Rezultati: Koncentracije metala obuhvaćane Pravilnikom (As, Cd, Hg i Pb) bile su unutar MDK na svim lokacijama, dok za ostale istraživane elemente nije uočena razlika između LVIBD i LNIBD (p = 0,78; Mann-Whitney U test). Koncentracije metala i metaloida u kupusu nisu značajno korelirale s koncentracijama u uzorcima tla, osim u slučaju Cd, gdje je uočena slaba do umjerena korelacija (Pearsonov koeficijent tlo /kupus = -0,57; p = 0.031; p < 0,05). Analizom glavnih komponenti (PCA) utvrđen je kompaktan središnji klaster (roj), te dva klastera s lokacija Dopsin i Dalj u kojima su koncentracije svih elemenata, osim Hg, bile nešto više. Zaključci: I kupus kao indikator onečišćenja okoliša metalima ukazuje da ukupna opterećenost metalima u istočnoj Hrvatskoj nakon Domovinskog rata nije visoka. Ipak, na primjeru kupusa potvrđeno je mjesto Dalj kao „vruća točka“, sukladno ranije utvrđenim pozitivnim korelacijama Al, Fe, Mg i Ni na istoj lokaciji u kosi, tlu i maslačku, te B, Cu, Si, Sr i Zn u serumu, urinu i vodi, što ukazuje na mogući isti izvor i mehanizam prenošenja metala.Purpose: Within the framework of research on metal and metalloid presence, as a possible consequence of the war, the areas in Eastern Croatia where agricultural activity reestablished biomonitoring (serum, hair, urine) of the local population and environmental monitoring through samples of soil, water and edible wild plants was conducted and samples of cabbage, an indicator for heavy metals and metalloids in the environment, were collected. Aim: The hypothesis of the study is that in areas of Eastern Croatian exposed to combat operations, such as the environment and population, the presence of increased concentrations of metals and metalloids is associated with war activities in relation to the areas that were spared from war. The goal was to determine whether there are differences in the concentrations of metals and metalloids comparing locations of high intensity combat action (HICA) with locations of low intensity combat action (LICA). Besides this, the attempt was to determine the possible interconnection of contamination with metals in the soil and in humans, and whether there was a coincidence in terms of potential "hot spots", places significantly loaded with metals. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 sites included 14 samples of cabbage, where 12 samples from locations of high intensity combat action (HICA) and two (2) samples from locations of low intensity combat action (LICA). The concentrations of 20 metals and metalloids (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, In, V, and Zn), which are used for military purposes, were determined by inductive procedure of restrained plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS. Results: The concentration of metals covered by Regulations (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) were within the MRL on all locations, while in the other investigated elements there was no difference between HICA and LICA (p = 0.78; Mann-Whitney U test). The concentration of metals and metalloids in cabbage was not significantly correlated with the concentration in the soil samples, except in the case of Cd, where the negative correlation (Pearson coefficient soil /cabbage = -0.57; p = 0.031; p < 0.05) was observed. The principal component analysis (PCA) determined a compact central cluster, and two clusters on locations Dopsin and Dalj, where the concentration of all the elements, except for Hg, was higher. Conclusions: Even cabbage, as an indicator of environmental contamination with metals, indicates that after the war the total load of metal in Eastern Croatia is not high. However, the cabbage also confirmed the locality of Dalj as a "hot spot", accordingly to previously established positive correlations of Al, Fe, Mg and Ni in hair, soil and dandelion, and B, Cu, Si, Sr and Zn correlations in serum, urine and water in that same location, indicating a possible common source and mechanism of transferring metals

Prognostički čimbenici raka vulve

The aim of this retrospective study was to show the effect of clinical, pathologic, cytologic and therapeutic prognostic factors on treatment outcome and survival of patients suffering from vulvar cancer and to determine prognostic significance of each of the individual factors, their mutual significance and impact on survival. The study included patients treated for vulvar cancer at Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek University Hospital Centre during the 2000-2011 period. Retrospective analysis included data from patient medical files, along with their pathologic and cytologic findings, and oncologist findings. The study included 59 patients aged 45 to 88 years. Diagnosis was based on pathologic and cytologic status and staging. Univariate analysis showed the lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy and clinical staging of the disease to be statistically significant prognostic factors for overall survival and prognosis of vulvar cancer patients. Multivariate analysis of independent prognostic factors for survival of vulvar cancer patients yielded lymph node status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as positive prognostic factors.Cilj ove retrospektivne studije bio je istražiti utjecaj kliničkih, patoloških, citoloških i terapijskih prognostičkih čimbenika na ishod liječenja i preživljavanje bolesnica s karcinomom vulve te utvrditi prognostičko značenje svakog od pojedinačnih čimbenika kao i njihovo uzajamno značenje i utjecaj na sveukupno preživljavanje. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo bolesnice liječene od karcinoma vulve u razdoblju od 2000. do 2011. godine na Klinici za ginekologiju i porodništvo KBC-a Osijek. Retrospektivna analiza je obuhvaćala njihove povijesti bolesti zajedno s patološkim i citološkim nalazima te nalazima onkologa. Studija je obuhvatila 59 bolesnica u dobi od 45 do 88 godina. Dijagnoza se temeljila na patološkom i citološkom statusu i stadiju. Kao statistički značajni prognostički čimbenici preživljavanja bolesnica s karcinomom vulve u univarijatnoj analizi pokazali su se status limfnih čvorova, adjuvantna radioterapija, kemoterapija i klinički stadij bolesti. U multivarijatnoj analizi neovisnih prognostičkih čimbenika za preživljavanje bolesnica s karcinomom vulve, status limfnih čvorova, pomoćna terapija zračenjem i kemoterapija smatrani su pozitivnim prognostičkim čimbenicima