Intensive supplementary feeding improves the performance of wild bird seed plots in provisioning farmland birds throughout the winter: a case study in lowland England

Capsule: Sown bird-food plots with intensive (daily) supplementary feeding throughout the winter attracted substantially greater numbers of seed-eating farmland birds than control plots without additional feeding, whose planted seed resource was exhausted by midwinter. Aims: We studied the performance of cultivated agri-environment scheme (AES) plots, predominantly growing winter bird seed (WBS), in addressing the ‘hungry gap’ of food scarcity for seed-eating farmland birds over the winter period. We assessed whether intensive supplementary feeding can improve AES-WBS plot performance to support greater numbers of birds over a longer period throughout the winter. Methods: Five monthly bird counts were conducted from November to March on AES-WBS plots on three farms during three winters, alongside assessment of standing seed availability on the plants. Daily supplementary feeding of 8-25 kg of mixed seeds was scattered directly onto each treatment plot, with additional seed provided in hanging birdfeeders. The density of target farmland birds, and the depletion of the standing seed resource on plants, was compared between treatment plots and controls over the winter, using generalised linear models. Results: Cultivated AES-WBS plots contained only c. 25% of their potential full capacity of seed availability at the beginning of winter, and this was exhausted by midwinter (January). Supplementary feeding attracted significantly greater numbers of farmland birds to AES-WBS plots than unfed controls, with up to 421 birds per plot, dominated by Common Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs, Yellowhammers Emberiza citronella and Common Linnets Linaria cannabina. Bird densities on fed plots peaked in the late winter (February) ‘hungry gap’, but the magnitude of peak densities varied between years and farms. Conclusion: Intensive supplementary feeding can substantially improve poor performance of AES-WBS plots in supporting farmland birds throughout the winter, particularly during the late winter ‘hungry gap’ when seed availability on AES-WBS plots is otherwise exhausted

Extended free-form deformation : a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling

Projet SYNTIMCurrent research efforts focus on providing more efficient and effective design methods for 3D modeling systems. In this paper a new deformation technique is presented. Among other things, arbitrarily shaped bump can be designed and surfaces can be bent along arbitrarily shaped curves. The purpose of this research is to define a highly interactive and intuitive modeling technique for designers and stylists. A natural way of thinking is to mimic traditional trades, such as sculpturing and moulding. Furthermore, with this deformation technique, the modeling tool paradigm is introduced. The object is deformed with a user-defined deformation tool. This method is an extension of the Free-Form Deformation (FFD) technique proposed by Sederberg and Parry

The dynamic deformation of a cantilever beam loaded by a magnetomotive impulse distributed over part of its length

SIGLELD:D45676/83 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo