On the genesis of BBP formulas

We present a general procedure to generate infinitely many BBP and BBP-like formulas for the simplest transcendental numbers. This provides some insight and a better understanding into their nature. In particular, we can derive the main known BBP formulas for π. We can understand why many of these formulas are rearrangements of each other. We also understand better where some null BBP formulas representing 0 come from. We also explain what is the observed relation between some BBP formulas for log 2 and π, that are obtained by taking real and imaginary parts of a general complex BBP formula. Our methods are elementary, but motivated by transal-gebraic considerations, and offer a new way to obtain and to search many new BBP formulas and, conjecturally, to better understand transalgebraic relations between transcendental constants

Advancing towards a Practical Magnesium Ion Battery

A post-lithium battery era is envisaged, and it is urgent to find new and sustainable systems for energy storage. Multivalent metals, such as magnesium, are very promising to replace lithium, but the low mobility of magnesium ion and the lack of suitable electrolytes are serious concerns. This review mainly discusses the advantages and shortcomings of the new rechargeable magnesium batteries, the future directions and the possibility of using solid electrolytes. Special emphasis is put on the diversity of structures, and on the theoretical calculations about voltage and structures. A critical issue is to select the combination of the positive and negative electrode materials to achieve an optimum battery voltage. The theoretical calculations of the structure, intercalation voltage and diffusion path can be very useful for evaluating the materials and for comparison with the experimental results of the magnesium batteries which are not hassle-free

Mediation in schools. The rol of the Social Education

Este artículo forma parte de una más amplia investigación llevada a cabo en centros escolares con una muestra seleccionada de adolescentes de Educación Secundaria, distribuidos en grupos de discusión. La finalidad es conocer la perspectiva que ellos/as tienen sobre la violencia escolar en su propio hábitat. La muestra está compuesta por 1795 adolescentes de ambos sexos (52% chicos y 48% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 18 años, procedentes de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. Los resultados indicaron que el clima escolar y la satisfacción con la vida se asocian de manera positiva con la victimización. Además, la integración comunitaria y el clima familiar se relacionan con la victimización a través de la satisfacción con la vida. El análisis multigrupo en función del sexo indicó que la relación entre el clima escolar y la reputación social, así como entre implicación comunitaria y reputación social resultó significativa únicamente para los chicos.This article is included in a more extensive research done in schools with a selected sample of adolescents of Secondary Education, distributed in groups of discussion. The purpose is to know the perspective they have on schoolviolence in their own habitat. The sample is composed of 1795 adolescents of both sexes (52% boys and 48% girls) aged between 11 and 18 years, from the autonomous community of Andalusia. The results indicated that the school climate and the satisfaction with the life are positively associated with the victimization. In addition, community integration and the family climate are related to victimization through satisfaction with life. The gender-based Multigroup analysis indicated that the relationship between school climate and social reputation as well as between community involvement and social reputation was significant only for children

Magnesium Deintercalation From the Spinel-Type MgMn2-yFeyO4 (0.4≤y≤2.0) by Acid-Treatment and Electrochemistry

Rechargeable magnesium batteries attract lots of attention because of their high safety and low cost compared to lithium batteries, and it is needed to develop more efficient electrode materials. Although MgMn2O4 is a promising material for the positive electrode in Mg rechargeable batteries, it usually exhibits poor cyclability. To improve the electrochemical behavior, we have prepared nanoparticles of MgMn2-yFeyO4. The XRD results have confirmed that when Mn3+ (Jahn-Teller ion) ions are replaced by Fe3+ (non-Jahn-Teller ion), the resulting MgMn2-yFeyO4 is a cubic phase. The structure and theoretical voltage are theoretically calculated by using the DFT method. The obtained samples have been chemically treated in acid solution for partial demagnesiation, and it is observed that the presence of iron inhibits the deinsertion of Mg through disproportionation and favors the exchange reaction. The electrochemical behavior in non-aqueous magnesium cells has been explored

Prognostic value of ACE I/D, AT1R A1166C, PAI-I 4G/5G and GPIIIa a1/a2 polymorphisms in myocardial infarction

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has turned into a prevalent cause of morbi-mortality contributing some polymorphisms in the recurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Methods: Three hundred and fifty six patients with first myocardial infarction (MI) were followed up during a 60-month period to find out if ACE I/D, AT1R A1166C, PAI-I 4G/5G and GPIIIa a1/a2 polymorphisms, in combination with other classical cardiovascular risk factors, can contribute to the relapse of MACE.Results: Two hundred and eighty five (80.1%) men and 71 (19.9%) women were followed up after first MI. The primary clinical endpoint, a composite of MACE, was reached in 106 (29.8%) patients. In the Cox univariate survival analysis those risk factors influencing a poorer prognosis were age (p = 0.004), a positive family history of CAD (p = 0.007), diabetes (p = 0.004), smoking (p = 0.024), fibrinolytic therapy (p = 0.012) and having 2 or 3 vessels CAD (p = 0.046). Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that patients with the DD genotype had a 1.5 increased risk of having an unfavorable outcome when compared with No-DD genotype patients (RR 1.561, 95% CI 1.048–2.326, p = 0.028) and that patients with the ACE DD genotype plus the AT1R No-AA genotype, the GPIIIa No-a1a1 genotype or a combination of both, had a twice higher risk than any other genotype of MACE in the follow-up (RR 1.978, 95% CI 1.286–3.043, p = 0.002).Conclusions: Patients with the ACE DD genotype plus 1 or 2 unfavorable genotypes, the AT1R No-AA, the GPIIIa No-a1a1 or a combination of both, have twice higher the risk of MACE during their clinical follow-up.

Review and new perspectives on non-layered manganese compounds as electrode material for Sodium-Ion batteries

After more than 30 years of delay compared to lithium-ion batteries, sodium analogs are now emerging in the market. This is a result of the concerns regarding sustainability and production costs of the former, as well as issues related to safety and toxicity. Electrode materials for the new sodium-ion batteries may contain available and sustainable elements such as sodium itself, as well as iron or manganese, while eliminating the common cobalt cathode compounds and copper anode current collectors for lithium-ion batteries. The multiple oxidation states, abundance, and availability of manganese favor its use, as it was shown early on for primary batteries. Regarding structural considerations, an extraordinarily successful group of cathode materials are layered oxides of sodium, and transition metals, with manganese being the major component. However, other technologies point towards Prussian blue analogs, NASICON-related phosphates, and fluorophosphates. The role of manganese in these structural families and other oxide or halide compounds has until now not been fully explored. In this direction, the present review paper deals with the different Mn-containing solids with a non-layered structure already evaluated. The study aims to systematize the current knowledge on this topic and highlight new possibilities for further study, such as the concept of entatic state applied to electrodes

Efectividad del clorhidrato de zilpaterol en la finalización de corderos: Patente vs. Genérico

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of the patent vs. generic sources of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics, primary cut yields, and meat quality of lambs finished in feedlot. Thirty (30) Dorper×Pelibuey male lambs were distributed into 10 blocks, each with three lambs of similar initial live weight which were randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) without ZH (control), 2) with patent ZH (PZH), and 3) with generic ZH (GZH). Treatment means were compared through two orthogonal contrasts: control vs. ZH (PZH+GZH) and PZH vs. GZH. ZH did not affect (P≥0.15) the productive performance, carcass weight, backfat thickness, or fat percentages (kidney-pelvic-heart, mesenteric or omental), but increased (P≤0.05) Longissimus dorsi muscle area and yields of carcass, shoulder, leg, and plain loin. As for the meat quality, ZH did not affect (P≥0.24) pH and shear force, but reduced (P<0.05) redness, yellowness, and chroma color values at 24 h post mortem, as well as the redness value (P<0.01) at 14 days of aging. With exception of carcass yield which tended (P=0.07) to increase with PZH, all measured variables were similar (P³0.14) between PZH and GZH. It has been concluded that both types of ZH at a dose of 0.10 mg per kg of live weight promote muscular hypertrophy in finishing lambs; however, this dosage is not sufficient to result in a better productive performance or carcass weight.El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el efecto de la fuente del clorhidrato de zilpaterol (CZ;  patente vs genérico) sobre el comportamiento productivo, características de la canal, rendimientos de cortes primarios y calidad de la carne de corderos finalizados en corral. Se distribuyeron 30 corderos Dorper ×Pelibuey en 10 bloques donde cada bloque tenía tres corderos de similar peso vivo inicial, los cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a los siguientes tratamientos: 1) sin CZ (testigo), 2) con CZ de patente (CZP), y 3) con CZ genérico (CZG). Las medias de tratamientos se compararon a través de dos contrastes ortogonales: testigo vs. CZ (CZP+CZG) y CZP vs. CZG. El CZ no afectó (P≥0.15) el comportamiento productivo, peso de la canal, espesor de grasa dorsal, ni los porcentajes de grasa (riñón-corazón-pelvis, mesentérica u omental), pero aumentó (P≤0.05) el área del músculo Longissimus dorsi y los rendimientos de canal, paleta, pierna y lomo plano. En calidad de la carne, el CZ no afectó (P≥0.24) el pH y esfuerzo al corte, pero redujo (P<0.05) los valores de color rojizo, amarillento y chroma a las 24 h post mortem, y también los valores de rojizo (P<0.01) a los 14 días de maduración. Con excepción del rendimiento en canal que tendió (P=0.07) a ser mayor con CZP, todas las variables medidas fueron similares (P³0.14) entre CZP y CZG. Se concluye que ambos tipos de CZ a una dosis de 0.10 mg/kg de peso vivo promueven hipertrofia muscular en corderos de finalización, pero no es suficiente para reflejarse en mejor comportamiento productivo y peso de la canal

Efecto de la adición de clorhidrato de zilpaterol genérico en el perfil bioquímico y hematológico de ovinos de pelo engordados en corral

This study aimed to evaluate zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH, generic) supplementation on fattening hair sheep, using hematological and biochemical variables as health status indicators. A total of 32 hair lambs (Dorper x Pelibuey) were grouped by initial weight and randomly assigned into four treatments: T1= basal diet (control group), T2= basal diet supplemented with ZH at 0.10 mg·kg-1 of LW d-1 (Grofactor®, Virbac México, Guadalajara, Mexico), T3= basal diet supplemented with ZH at 0.20 mg·kg-1 of LW d-1, and T4= basal diet supplemented with ZH at 0.30 mg·kg-1 of LW d-1. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 15, and 30 of the study. The hematological profile was determined in fresh blood samples; metabolites, electrolytes, and hormones were determined in serum samples. The study followed a randomized complete block experimental design, using an orthogonal polynomial analysis to determine the trend of the responses at the different concentrations of ZH. Cholesterol and urea levels were higher (P<0.05) in T3 than in T2. Furthermore, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in T3; the red blood cell distribution width was higher (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in T4. The Na levels and the number of platelets showed a linear trend (P <0.05) to decrease and increase, respectively, as ZH levels increased. A quadratic trend was observed (P<0.05) in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell distribution width with increasing dose of ZH (generic). The remaining variables did not show significant trends at ZH levels (generic). The values of the biochemical and hematological profiles were within the reference range, which suggests that the addition of ZH did not alter the health status of fattening lambs. El objetivo fue evaluar la adición de clorhidrato de zilpaterol (CZ, genérico) en la dieta de ovinos de pelo de engorda, sobre variables hematológicas y bioquímicas como indicadores del estado de salud. Treinta y dos (32) corderos de pelo cruzados (Dorper x Pelibuey) se bloquearon por peso inicial y cuatro tratamientos y se asignaron aleatoriamente dentro de cada bloque: T1= dieta basal (grupo testigo), T2= dieta basal más 0.10 mg·kg-1 de PV d-1 de CZ (Grofactor®, Virbac México, Guadalajara, México), T3= dieta basal más 0.20 mg·kg-1 de PV d-1 de CZ y T4= dieta basal más 0.30 mg·kg-1 de PV d-1 de CZ. Se tomaron muestras de sangre los días 1, 15 y 30 del estudio. El perfil hematológico se estimó en muestras de sangre fresca, mientras que metabolitos, electrolitos y hormonas en muestras de suero. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar y se efectuó análisis de polinomios ortogonales para determinar la tendencia de las respuestas a los niveles de CZ. Los niveles de colesterol y urea fueron mayores (P<0.05) en T3 que en T2; asimismo, el nivel de concentración corpuscular medio de hemoglobina fue mayor (P<0.05) en T1 que en T3, mientras que el ancho de distribución de eritrocitos fue mayor (P<0.05) en T2 y T3 que en T4. Los niveles de Na y el número de plaquetas mostraron tendencia lineal (P<0.05) a disminuir y aumentar, respectivamente, conforme los niveles de CZ aumentaron. Se observó tendencia cuadrática (P<0.05) en la concentración corpuscular media de hemoglobina y ancho de distribución de eritrocitos al aumentar la dosis de CZ (genérico). Las variables restantes no mostraron tendencias significativas a los niveles de CZ (genérico). Los valores de los perfiles bioquímico y hematológico se encontraron dentro del rango de referencia, lo que sugiere que la adición de CZ no alteró el estado de salud de corderos en engorda