Lessons Learnt from Maritime Disasters.

Abstract not availableJRC.G-Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen (Ispra

Development of a General Scheme for Fuel Cycles and Life Cycles from all Energy Technologies as a Basis for the European Energy Risk Monitor (ERMON)

Abstract is not availableJRC.F.4-Nuclear design safet

Corrosion-Related Accidents in Petroleum Refineries: Lessons learned from accidents in EU and OECD countries

Petroleum refineries are generally acknowledged to be high hazard sites due to the nature of petroleum products and the processing technologies that produce them in the current era. For the most part, however, the risks are well-known and refinery operators have applied considerable knowledge and resources over the past decades to control and minimize risk potential. Nonetheless, major accidents in refineries tend to regularly occur with impacts not only on human health and the environment, but also in many cases on social and economic well-being. A recurring cause of accidents in petroleum refineries is well-known to be corrosion. This report studies corrosion-related accidents in refineries within the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), comparing accident occurring before and after 2000 and with the view to providing insights into recent causal trends and identifying lessons learned that could influence prevention strategies in future. The report highlights process and equipment conditions and potential risk management failures that were cited in 99 different corrosion-related accidents occurring between 1965 and 2008. In particular, the study provides some evidence to confirm concerns among experts in both government and industry that the risk of corrosion failures causing major accidents in EU and OECD countries remains a strong area of concern. The aim of this analysis is to aid particular inspectors by providing a concise summary of refinery corrosion hazards and examples of how they have been manifested in past accidents. The findings may be also useful to operators in renewing aspects of their risk management strategy or training personnel on how to recognize and evaluate potential corrosion risks.JRC.G.6-Security technology assessmen

Strategy for Capacity Building on Chemical Accident Prevention and Preparedness Programmes in EU Neighbourhood Countries

The European Union established the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in 2004 to promote an area of peace, stability and prosperity in its immediate neighbourhood with the Countries to the East (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) and to the South (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Syria, and Tunisia). It aims at developing tighter and more beneficial relations between the EU and her neighbours in political, economic and cultural domains, and in particular on security matters, as well as extending and enhancing current existing cooperation frameworks in order to reduce the likelihood of any new divide appearing. The strengthening of the safety and security with the EU Neighbourhood Countries, also from an economical and resources sharing angle, is identified as a great strategic priority by the European Commission and the EU and is an issue that has acquired a more relevant importance following the latest developments in some of these countries. One particular area of shared concern is the control of chemical accident risks. The Seveso Directive has existed as legislation in the European Union since 1982 and holds a long history of regulatory responses aimed at controlling sites where dangerous substances are processed and stored and where accidents may result in fatalities and serious injury to people or damage to the environment. As such, there is considerable logic in accelerating implementation of a Seveso approach in Neighbourhood Countries to continue the momentum towards Seveso becoming a standard approach to chemical accident prevention and preparedness worldwide. For this reason, the Civil Protection Mechanism 2014-2020 (Decision No. 1313/2013 of the European Parliament), managed under DG-ECHO, introduced a new initiative, Seveso Capacity Building in EU Neighbourhood Countries strategy to collaborate with its neighbours on strengthening chemical accident prevention and preparedness programmes. The Joint Research Centre’s Major Accident Hazard Bureau is leading the implementation of this initiative on behalf of DG-ECHO. The JRC therefore has analysed its own experience in capacity building, conducted research and sought expert feedback to produce this strategy document for the initiative. This report presents the final strategy that is the outcome of this process.JRC.G.5-Security technology assessmen

Enhancing Safety: the Challenge of Foresight

We live in a world where advancement in technology coupled with human’s creative and innovative mind has led to the design of safer and better performing infrastructures (nuclear power plants, chemical process plants, high speed trains, spaceplanes, etc.), which are necessary for modern society. However, due to the interconnected socio-economic and technological landscape that is rapidly evolving, safety continues to have many new challenges (known unknowns, unknown unknowns) that add onto changed variants of the old challenges (e.g. modified knowns). Additionally, governance and legislation can be slow to catch up with this dynamic pace of change. At times, overregulation can occur, resulting in a significant resource investment towards compliance for existing infrastructure operators or for aspiring start-ups that would like to enter the market, but end up struggling or even abandoning the sector. Inspired by this background, the European Safety and Reliability Data Association’s Foresight in Safety Project Group prepared the 53rd ESReDA seminar with a purpose to launch an open dialogue with stakeholders in the safety arena. Thus, by providing an open forum where experiences in foresight in safety approaches from different sectors could be shared, cross-fertilisation of ideas, such as how foresight could be mainstreamed into safety practice in a more consistent manner, could be discussed. The project group will build on this rich compendium of experiences in its future endeavours.JRC.E.7-Knowledge for Security and Migratio

Strengthening Chemical Accident Prevention and Preparedness in European Neighbour Countries. Prepared for DG-ECHO by the Major Accident Hazards Bureau and the Natech Project

The Seveso Directive aims at control of major hazards associated with dangerous substances and has existed as legislation in the European Union since 1982. It was the first comprehensive legislation of its kind in the world and continues to be a leading model for process safety governance globally. In 2014 DG-ECHO and the Joint Research Centre agreed on collaboration the implementation of the Seveso Directive by European Neighbourhood Policy countries in support to the Civil Protection Mechanism 2014-2010. The Year 1 strategy for this project aimed at building profiles of country progress in establishing chemical accident and prevention programmes. It also began the first phase in making a selection of analytical tools accessible to support government and industry in their efforts to perform hazard identification and risk analysis and understand results. This document proposes a strategy for Year 2 of the project. The proposal describes a strategy targeted to establish and maintain visibility and direct communication on the project with EU Neighbour Countries, determine a first subset of countries for in order to begin targeted capacity building, and to complete a first set of online tool prototypes for implementation support as well as identify opportunities for further tool development in future.JRC.G.5-Security technology assessmen

Enhancing Safety: the Challenge of Foresight - ESReDA Project Group Foresight in Safety

This Deliverable is the result of a joint effort by experts, working in the fields of risks management, accident analysis, learning from experience and safety management. They come from 10 countries mainly from Europe and also from USA and Australia. Their expertise covers several industrial sectors. They attempted to provide useful information, both from a theoretical and a practical point of views, about "Foresight in Safety". Safety is still an ongoing issue for which a number of subjects remain under debate (e.g. is goal of safety to ensure that 'as few things as possible go wrong' or to ensure that ‘as many things as possible go right’?). Anyway, we can assume that safety is to act in a way for both the process continues to be run right and that errors and failures to not lead to a major accident. Even if "foresight in safety" is the implicit underlying goal of every practitioner in safety, the outlines of its domain remain blurred and the relevant topics associated with it have never been clearly defined. A humble ambition of this Deliverable is to display some aspects of "foresight in safety" according to the current state of practices and scientific knowledge.JRC.G.10-Knowledge for Nuclear Security and Safet

Security and defence research in the European Union: a landscape review

This landscape report describes the state of play of the European Union’s policies and activities in security and defence and the EU-funded research aimed at supporting them, with an exclusive focus on intentional harm. It is organised around several thematic building blocks under the umbrella of the three core priorities defined in the European agenda on security. The report reviews the current main risks and threats but also those that may emerge within the next 5 years, the policy and operational means developed to combat them, the main active stakeholders and the EU legislation in force. In this context, a short history of EU research on security and defence is presented, followed by an inventory of relevant research and development projects funded under the Horizon 2020 framework programme during the period 2014-2018. The specific contributions of the Joint Research Centre to security research are also highlighted. Finally, future avenues for security and defence research and development are discussed. Please note that the executive summary of this landscape report has been published simultaneously as a companion document.JRC.E.7-Knowledge for Security and Migratio

European Commission Initiative on Safety and Security of Energy Infrastructures in a Comparative View

The use of different systems for generation and distribution of energy provides basic resources for industrial production, transport and domestic needs. However, they involve hazardous activities that pose a threat to public health and environment. The problem of safety comparison and risk/benefit communication is of critical importance for sustainable decision making. DG JRC and DG TREN have recently started two connected initiatives, called Energy Risks Monitor (ERMON) and Safety & Security of Energy Infrastructures in a Comparative View (SEIF-CV). Objectives and status of ERMON and SEIF-CV are described.JRC.F.4-Nuclear design safet

A Heuristic Odyssey towards Good Risk Governance

Since the dawn of mankind, people have strived to learn from accidents and find better ways of managing them. Throughout the years, society, technology and our environment (socio-tech-env domain) interact and co-evolve, triggering also change in the types of accidents we have to deal with. This paper attempts to depict my personal odyssey in this dynamic and complex landscape. It describes my present mental model and attempts to provide some ideas on how to improve risk governance. Its purpose is also to captivate readers¿ interest in this field of research and to trigger discussion with those who may wish to share experiences, raise awareness of this fascinating landscape and identify synergies for joint adventures in this domain.JRC.F.7-Energy systems evaluatio