EVALUATION OF RECITATION AT HIGHER LEVELS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Krasnoslovu se u našim školama različito pristupa, a počesto se svodi na učenje pjesmice napamet. Autorica u ovome članku daje kratak pregled nastavnih tema u kojima se obrađuje krasnoslov te pokazuje mogući pristup, ostvaren na satu, koji može pomoći učenicima da razumiju i prepoznaju govorne vrjednote, snažno dožive poruku pjesme i iskažu svoj unutarnji svijet kroz pjesnikove riječi. Pri tome se učenici vrlo uspješno osposobljavaju za samovrjednovanje i vrjednovanje drugih.Our schools have different approaches towards recitation, which is often reduced to the committing of short poems to memory. The author of the article gives short summary of teaching themes in which recitation has been further elaborated and is given as a possible way, as practised in the class, to help pupils to understand and recognise speech patterns, to strongly understand the very message of the poem and to express their inner world through the words of the poet. By this, the pupils are enabled to successfully evaluate others as well as to self-evaluate

Karakteristike antigena utiču na efekte stresa na humoralni imunski odgovor u pacova

The objective of the present study was to explore whether the suppressive effect of electric stress (ES) on the immune response in rats was limited to the particular antigen given concomitantly with ES. Therefore, the influence of simultaneous exposure to stress and immunization with an unrelated antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH) on the humoral immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Specific anti-KLH antibody levels were also determined in rats exposed to ES and concomitantly immunized with BSA. Five daily sessions of ES or immunization with KLH 2 weeks prior to immunization with BSA did not influence the secondary humoral immune response to BSA, but concomitant exposure to ES and immunization with KLH significantly decreased it. Conversely, the primary humoral immune response to KLH was suppressed by exposure of the animals to ES at the time of immunization with KLH, as well as at the time of the immunization with BSA 2 weeks later. It is suggested that the suppressive effect of ES on the humoral immune response is not specific for a certain antigen. However, the chemical and immunological characteristics of the antigens shaped the profile of stress-induced immune changes with respect to the sensitivity of the primary and secondary immune response and the duration of the effect.Cilj rada bio je da se utvrdi da li je supresivni efekat električnog stresa (ES) na imunski odgovor specifičan za antigen kojim su pacovi imunizovani u vreme izlaganja ES. Ispitivan je uticaj istovremene primene stresa i imunizacije sa nesrodnim antigenom (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH) na humoralni imunski odgovor prema goveđem serum albuminu (GSA). Takođe su određivana i specifična anti-KLH antitela u serumima pacova koji su bili istovremeno izloženi stresu i imunizovani sa GSA. Rezultati su pokazali da ni petodnevni ES, ni imunizacija sa KLH dve nedelje pre imunizacije sa GSA nisu uticali na nivo anti- GSA antitela, za razliku od istovremenog izlaganja ES i imunizacije sa GSA koji su značajno suprimirali sekundarni humoralni imunski odgovor prema GSA. Nasuprot tome, primarni humoralni imunski odgovor prema KLH je bio suprimiran u pacova koji su bili izloženi stresu tokom imunizacije sa KLH, ali i kod onih koji su bili izloženi stresu dve nedelje kasnije odnosno tokom imunizacije sa GSA. Naši rezultati ukazuju da supresivni efekat stresa na imunski odgovor nije specifičan za određen antigen, kao i da hemijske i imunološke osobine antigena značajno utiču na kvalitet promena izazvanih stresom u pogledu osetljivosti primarnog i sekundarnog imunskog odgovora na stres i trajanja efekata stresa

Produkcija H2O2 i NO peritonealnih makrofaga pacova u odgovoru na crevne komensalne bakterije

The importance of commensal bacteria in the immune system development and its involvement in the etiopatogenetic mechanisms of complex multifactorial and multigenic diseases is well documented. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) produced by resident peritoneal macrophages from the autoimmune disease susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) rats vs. resistant Albino Oxford (AO) rat strain, under basal conditions and subsequent to in vitro stimulation with gut commensals. Following the stimulation with phorbol myristil acetate (PMA), E. coli/PMA or P. mirabilis/PMA, AO rats macrophages have produced significantly higher levels of H2O2 compared to the cells from DA rats. Strain differences in NO production were not detected under basal conditions and after the stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and P. mirabilis. However, after the in vitro stimulation with E. coli, AO rats macrophages have produced higher levels of NO compared to DA rats macrophages. Our results demonstrated that macrophages from AO rats have higher potential to produce H2O2 and NO in response to specific commensal bacteria when compared to DA rats. A possible relationship between the macrophage activity in response to commensal bacteria and the susceptibility to induction of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in AO and DA rat strains is suggested.Poznato je da komensalna crevna flora ima značajnu ulogu u razvoju imunskog sistema kao i u etiopatogenezi kompleksnih multifaktorijalnih i multigenetskih bolesti. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se uporedi produkcija vodonik peroksida (H2O2) i azot monoksida (NO) peritonealnih makrofaga dva inbredna soja pacova, od kojih je jedan osetljiv (Dark Agouti, DA), a drugi rezistentan (Albino Oxford, AO) na indukciju autoimunskih bolesti, kako u bazalnim uslovima tako i nakon in vitro stimulacije makrofaga sa crevnim komensalima. Nakon stimulacije sa forbol miristil acetatom (PMA), E. coli/PMA and P. mirabilis/PMA makrofage AO pacova su produkovale značajno više H2O2 u poređenju sa makrofagama DA pacova. Nisu detektovane sojne razlike u produkciji NO u bazalnim uslovima, kao ni posle stimulacije sa lipopolisaharidom i P. mirabilis. Međutim, nakon in vitro stimulacije sa E. coli makrofage AO pacova su produkovale više NO u odnosu na makrofage DA pacova. Naši rezultati su ukazali da makrofage AO pacova imaju veći potencijal za produkciju H2O2 i NO u odgovoru na specifične komensalne bakterije. Ova različita aktivnost makrofaga može biti u vezi sa različitom osetljivošću na indukciju autoimunskih/inflamatornih bolesti kod DA i AO soja pacova

Linkage disequlibrium in populations of Merodon avidus A. (Diptera, Syrphidae)

Analysis of the genetic structure in the populations of Merodon avidus A originated from the Dubašnica Mountain, Serbia (AADUB), Pindos Mountain Greece (AAPIN) and Morinj, Montenegro (AAMOR) was done. Based on the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis out of 16 analyzed loci 10 izozymic loci were monomorphic: Aat, Fum, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2 Sod-3. Nonrandom association between alleles of the Ao and Me in the AAMOR population has been registered. Significant association among alleles of the Ao and Mdh-2 loci in AADUB and Ao and Gpd-2 loci in AAPIN was found as well. Percent of the locus with observed significant gametic disequilibrium was from 16.7% in AAMOR to significant association of the only variable loci pair in AADUB and AAPIN

Strain differences and the role for HSP47 and HSP70 in adjuvant arthritis in rats

Because of high sequence homology between microbial and endogenous heat shock proteins (HSP), immunological cross-reactivity to microbial HSP has been suggested as a possible cause of the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The present study aimed to determine a potential role of HSP47, a molecular chaperone involved in the synthesis and assembly of collagen molecules, and microbial HSP71 (mHSP71) in adjuvant arthritis (AA) in two rat strains: Dark Agouti (DA), susceptible to AA induction and Albino Oxford (AO), which is resistant to AA induction. Immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced an increased expression of HSP47 in joints of DA rats, which exhibited severe clinical signs of AA at the time of disease peak, while this protein was not detectable in joints of AO rats. In contrast, no strain differences in HSP72 (rat analogue of mHSP71) expressions in joints were observed. The increased levels of anti-HSP47 antibodies were detected in sera of DA rats during the AA peak, while the immunization with CFA increased levels of anti-mHSP71 antibodies in sera of AO rats. HSP47 and mHSP71 reduced proliferation of draining inguinal lymph node cells (LNC) in resistant AO rat strain, leading to a hypothesis that both HSP participated in AA control. Finally, mHSP71 potentiated the apoptotic response of LNC in susceptible DA rat strain. In conclusion, our findings indicate involvement of HSP47 in the development of AA in the rat, and point out to the regulatory role for both HSP47 and mHSP71

Razlike u edemu šape pacova indukovanom konkanavalinom a u zavisnosti od soja - uticaj histaminskih H1 i H2 receptora

The present study tests the hypothesis that the difference in the intensity of paw edema found between the Dark Agouti (DA) and Albino Oxford (AO) rat strains originates from the distinct participation of histamine, serotonin and their corresponding receptors in Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced inflammation. DA and AO male rats were intraplantarly injected with specific receptor antagonists prior to Con A, and the intensity of inflammation was determined by measuring the paw diameter. Our results have showed that histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists reduced the Con A-induced paw edema in DA rats, while serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist diminished the inflammation in both DA and AO rat strains. The calcium channel blocker did not change Con A-induced inflammation. Strain differences in the intensity and kinetics of inflammation observed between the DA and AO rats are most likely defined by the diversity of mediators released and their receptors activated upon Con A injection.Testirana je hipoteza da razlike u intenzitetu inflamatornog edema šape indukovanog konkanavalinom A u pacova Dark Agouti (DA) i Albino Oxford (AO) soja potiču od različitog doprinosa histamina i serotonina i njihovih odgovarajućih receptora. Mužjaci pacova DA i AO soja su intraplantarno tretirani antagonistima specifičnih receptora pre izazivanja inflamacije konkanavalinom A i intenzitet inflamacije je praćen merenjem dijametra šape. Naši rezultati su ukazali da antagonisti histaminskih H1 i H2 receptora smanjuju edem šape indukovan konkanavalinom A u DA pacova, dok antagonist serotoninskih 5HT3 receptora smanjuje edem šape u oba soja pacova. Blokator kalcijumskih kanala ne utiče na inflamaciju izazvanu konkanavalinom A. Razlike u intenzitetu i kinetici inflamatornog odgovora indukovanog konkanavalinom A između DA i AO sojeva su najverovatnije posledica razlika u oslobođ enim medijatorima i aktivaciji odgovarajućih receptora nakon injekcije konkanavalina A

VIZUALNI I INFRACRVENI SPEKTAR ZA BOJILA DIGITALNOG TISKA

INFRAREDESIGN tehnologija koristi bojila na dva načina: kao spot bojila te kao procesni sastav koji je nastao s CMYKIR separacijom. Objavljeni radovi koristili su spektroskopiju u istraživanju bojila samo u vizualnom spektru. Z vrijednost bila je zadana i mjerena ZRGB kamerama. Numerički prikaz apsorpcije svjetla u rasponu od 700 do 900 nm nije se mogao utvrditi. S novim uređajem, Projectina Docucenter 4500, koji je postavljen na Tehničkom veleučilištu u Zagrebu, istraživanja su znatno napredovala. Prvi rezultati su spektar pojedinačnih procesnih bojila žute, magente i cijana. Eksperimentalno je utvrđeno djelovanje karbon crnog bojila na procesna bojila kao numerička osnova za daljnja istraživanja dvostrukih informacija u vizualnom i infracrvenom spektru. Dati su vrhovi apsorpcije svjetla pojedinačnih procesnih bojila čime se smanjuje broj iteracija u traženju izjednačavanja spektra „vizualnih“ bojila s bojilima koja će se izdvojiti tek u Z točki bliskog infracrvenog spektra. Premda je Projectina forenzički instrument, u ovom radu Projectina se koristi za sređivanje znanja u manipulaciji miješanja bojila na području dizajniranja dvostrukih informacija. Istovremeno se istražuje kontinuirana apsorpcija svjetla te stanja dvostruke slike preko skeniranja u desetak barijera. Potpuno nov pristup izučavanja bojila preko spektralnih krivulja apsorpcije i refleksije svjetla ima cilj postavljanja sistematizacije u miješanju bojila prema teoriji INFRAREDESIGN

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system applied to determine botanical origin of various types of edible vegetable oils

This study represents a new strategy for discrimination of 59 samples of various cold-pressed, virgin and refined edible vegetable oils according to the corresponding botanical origin. Samples were produced from 17 plant species: olive, sunflower, safflower, flax, pumpkin, sesame, hemp, walnut, hazelnut, almond, grape, black cumin, apricot, plum, soybean, wheat and rapeseed. A GC/MS device performing in a ion current (IC) mode, combined with multivariate clustering, was employed in the analysis. Derivatization reaction occurred in the injector of a gas chromatograph. The discriminations between species were based on marker-peaks of 9 molecular ions of dominant fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which were chosen as descriptors: m/z 268, 270, 292, 294, 296, 298, 324, 326 and 354. Dendrogram obtained after performing cluster analysis shows clear discriminations of the analyzed samples, based on the belonging botanical origin. These results demonstrate that IC-GC/MS approach with cluster analysis could be a useful tool in rapid screening for botanical origin of commercial samples of various edible vegetable oils

An Asymmetric Spoof-Fluid-Spoof Acoustic Waveguide and its Application as a CO2_2 Sensor

We study pressure acoustic propagation in asymmetric spoof-fluid-spoof acoustic waveguides and its potential application in acoustic gas sensors. First, a stable and efficient analytical method is established for fast calculation of the dispersion curves based on spectral expansion and enforcement of continuity between segments at suitable collocation points. The analysis is validated by a commercial finite element software. The geometric design of the waveguide is then optimized for the emergence of a nearly-flat dispersion curve associated with vertical geometric asymmetry. The waveguide is fabricated using 3D printing technology and the measurement results corroborate the numerical simulations. Based on the nearly-flat dispersion curve supported by this waveguide, a CO$_2$ sensor is proposed allowing to relate the phase difference measured between two points in the waveguide to the composition of the gas in the waveguide. The proposed sensor is experimentally validated in a controlled environment and the measurement results match the computational predictions well. The sensor is robust with respect to noise and signal-recording duration due to fast phase measurements and shows high sensitivity to gas concentration due to reliance on the second, nearly-flat, dispersion curve. In addition, the sensor is label-free and low-cost, while exhibiting rapid response, low-maintenance requirements and potential for measurements in a wide range of CO$_2$ concentrations without saturation issues.Comment: 21 pages, 12 figure

Primena metode tečne hromatografije u ispitivanju stabilnosti farmaceutskih supstanci i farmaceutskih preparata

The stability - indicating method is an analytical procedure used to detect a decrease in the amount of an active pharmaceutical ingredient present due to degradation. According to FDA guidelines, stability - indicating method is defined as a validated analytical procedure that accurately and precisely measures active ingredients free from potential interferences like degradation products, process impurities, excipient or other potential impurities. During stability studies, liquid chromatography is used routinely to separate and determine the analyses of interest. For implementing the stability - indicating method, several steps are needed. An active pharmaceutical substance is firstly subjected to the forced degradation studies followed with the investigations of its interactions with the excipient from the pharmaceutical preparation, the optimization of chromatographic conditions and the method validation.Praćenje stabilnosti nekog leka je postupak kojim se određenom analitičkom metodom precizno mogu identifikovati i odrediti komponente nastale kao rezultat degradacije aktivne supstance kako u farmaceutskoj supstanci tako i u farmaceutskom proizvodu. Prema smernicama Agencije za hranu i lekove (eng. Food and drug administration, FDA), metoda za praćenje stabilnosti se definiše kao metoda farmaceutske analize kojom se precizno može kvantifikovati aktivna komponenta, u prisustvu degradacionih proizvoda, nečistoća koje potiču iz procesa sinteze, ekscipijenasa ili drugih potencijalnih nečistoća. U te svrhe, danas se najčešće primenjuje metoda tečne hromatografije pod visokim pritiskom (eng. High pressure liquid chromatography - HPLC, u daljem tekstu tečna hromatografija). Razvoj metode za praćenje stabilnosti podrazumeva nekoliko faza. U prvoj fazi se izvode studije forsirane degradacije sa čistom aktivnom supstancom, nakon toga se vrši ispitivanje interakcija aktivne supstance sa komponentama ekscipiensa farmaceutskog preparata, optimizacija hromatografskih uslova i validacija metode