Efficiency of MYCOSORB AND SEL PLEX in duck fattening

Posljednjih je godina u Hrvatskoj zbog nepovoljnih vremenskih uvjeta tijekom jeseni povećana prisutnost mikotoksina u kukuruzu koji participira s više od 50 % u krmnim smjesama za tov pataka. S obzirom da na tržištu postoje proizvodi koji mogu ublažiti negativno djelovanje mikotoksina, cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti učinkovitost Mycosorba i Sel Plexa u tovu pataka gledano preko ostvarenih tjelesnih masa pataka, konverzije hrane, mortaliteta i pokrća varijabilnih troškova. U istraživanju je korišteno 1 140 jednodnevnih Cherry Valley pataka koje su slučajnim izborom podijeljene u dvije (kontrolna K i pokusna P) skupine po 570 pataka. Istraživanje je trajalo 47 dana i bilo je podijeljeno u dvije faze: 1. faza od 1. do 21. dana i 2. faza od 22. do 47. dana. U početnu i završnu krmnu smjesu za hranidbu pataka iz skupine P dodano je 0,05 % Mycosorba i 0,03 % Sel Plexa. U dobi od 49 dana patke iz skupine K ostvarile su prosječnu tjelesnu masu od 3060 g, a patke iz skupine P 3150 grama. Konverzija hrane je u istraživanom razdoblju iznosila: skupina K 2,51 i skupina P 2,45. Mortalitet je kod skupine K iznosio 7,02 %, a kod skupine P 5,97 %. Pokriće varijabilnih troškova za sto pataka je kod skupine K iznosilo 1 234,69 kn, a kod skupine P 1 423,70 kn, te je na temelju ostvarenih boljih proizvodnih rezultata u skupini P potvrđena opravdanost korištenja Mycosorba i Sel Plexa u krmnim smjesama za tov pataka.Over several past years, the weather in Croatia in the autumn was unfavourable, causing increased mycotoxin levels in corn used in duck feeding. On Croatian market, there are several products for elimination of the negative effect of mycotoxins. The aim of this trial was to investigate the efficiency of Mycosorb and Sel Plex in duck fattening, through body weight gain, feed conversion, mortality and covering variable costs of production. In the trial there were 1140 one day-old Cherry Valley ducklings randomly assigned to two groups (control K and experimental P) of 570 birds. The trial period of 47 days was divided into two phases: phase 1. from day 1 to 21 and phase 2 from day 22 to day 47. Both starter and finisher feed for group P were supplemented with 0.05% of Mycosorb and 0.03 % of Sel Plex. At the age of 47 days ducks from group K achieved the average body weight of 3060 g, while birds from group –P had finishing body weight of 3150 g. Feed conversion in group K was 2.51 kg/kg and in group P 2.45 kg/kg. Mortality in group K was 7.02% and in group P 5.97%. Variable costs for one hundred ducks in group K were 1,234,69 kn and in group P 1,423,70 kn. Better production results achieved in group P justify the use of Mycosorb and Sel Plex in duck feed

Različitosti u nastanku n. femoralis, n. obturatorius i n. ischiadicus u svinja.

Research was carried out on 135 pigs from the Sljeme Farm in Sesvete during 1999. Differences in n. femoralis, n. obturatorius and n. ischiadicus were noticed in pigs with six and seven lumbal vertebra. N. femoralis emerged by connecting ventral branches of two final lumbal nerves in 65.92% of pigs, equally often in pigs with six (31.11%) lumbal vertebrae and in pigs with seven (34.81%) lumbal vertebrae. Ventral branches of final lumbal nerves in pigs with six and seven lumbal vertebrae showed n. femoralis in 26.66% of observed pigs, and somewhat more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. N. obturatorius most frequently emerged from ventral branches of final lumbal nerves in pigs with six and seven lumbal vertebrae in 66.66% of animals, and somewhat more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. Much more rarely it emerges from ventral branches of prefinal lumbal nerves more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. In pigs with six lumbal vertebrae, emergence of n. obturatorius from ventral branches of the 4th, 5th and 6th lumbal nerves was noticed in 2.96% of cases and from the ventral branch of the 5th lumbal nerve in only 1.48% of observed pigs. N. Ischiadicus demonstrated the largest variation from the most frequently described emergence. In only 19.25% cases did it emerge from the ventral branches of 5th and 6th lumbal nerves and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves, and more rarely in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. It was observed most frequently in the ventral branches of the two final lumbal nerves and 1st sacral nerve (52.58%), more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. Ventral branches of the final lumbal and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves participated in the emergence of 20.70% cases, and somewhat more frequently in pigs with six lumbal vertebrae. Emergence of n. ischiadicus from the ventral branches of the final lumbal and the 1st sacral nerves was noticed, more frequently in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae.Istraživanja su provedena na 135 svinja podrijetlom s farme “Sljeme” Sesvete tijekom 1999 godine. Ustanovljena je razlika u nastanku n. femoralis, n. obturatorius i n. ischiadicus u svinja sa šest i sedam slabinskih kralježaka. N. femoralis je nastao povezivanjem ventralnih grana posljednjih dvaju slabinskih živaca u 65,92% svinja podjednako učestalo u svinja sa šest (31,11%) i sedam (34,81%) slabinskih kralježaka. Ventralne grane posljednjih slabinskih živaca u svinja sa šest i sedam slabinskih kralježaka tvorile su n. femoralis u 26,66% pretraženih svinja, a n. obturatorius je najučestalije nastajao iz ventralnih grana posljednjih slabinskih živaca u svinja sa šest i sedam slabinskih kralježaka u 66,66%, a neznatno učestalije u svinja sa 7 slabinskih kralježaka. Znatno rjeđe nastaje iz ventralnih grana pretposljednjih slabinskih živaca (28,88%), a učestalije u svinja sa šest slabinskih kralježaka (18,51%). U svinja sa šest slabinskih kralježaka zapažen je nastanak n. obturatorius iz ventralnih grana 4., 5. i 6. slabinskog živca u 2,96%, a samo iz ventralne grane 5. slabinskog živca u 1,48% pretraženih svinja. N. ischiadicus pokazao je najveće odstupanje od najčešće opisivanog nastanka. U svega 19,25% slučajeva nastao je iz ventralnih grana 5. i 6. slabinskog te 1. i 2. križnog živca, rjeđe u svinja sa 7 slabinskih kralježaka. Najučestalije su ga tvorile ventralne grane dvaju posljednjih slabinskih živaca i prvog križnog živca (52,58%), znatno češće u svinja sa sedam slabinskih kralježaka. Ventralne grane posljednjeg slabinskog te 1. i 2. križnog živca sudjelovale su u nastanku 20,70% pretraženih svinja sa 6 slabinskih kralježaka. Zabilježen je nastanak n. ischiadicusa iz ventralnih grana posljednjeg slabinskog i prvog križnog živca češće u svinja sa sedam slabinskih kralježaka

Različitosti u nastanku n. femoralis, n. obturatorius i n. ischiadicus u svinja.

Research was carried out on 135 pigs from the Sljeme Farm in Sesvete during 1999. Differences in n. femoralis, n. obturatorius and n. ischiadicus were noticed in pigs with six and seven lumbal vertebra. N. femoralis emerged by connecting ventral branches of two final lumbal nerves in 65.92% of pigs, equally often in pigs with six (31.11%) lumbal vertebrae and in pigs with seven (34.81%) lumbal vertebrae. Ventral branches of final lumbal nerves in pigs with six and seven lumbal vertebrae showed n. femoralis in 26.66% of observed pigs, and somewhat more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. N. obturatorius most frequently emerged from ventral branches of final lumbal nerves in pigs with six and seven lumbal vertebrae in 66.66% of animals, and somewhat more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. Much more rarely it emerges from ventral branches of prefinal lumbal nerves more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. In pigs with six lumbal vertebrae, emergence of n. obturatorius from ventral branches of the 4th, 5th and 6th lumbal nerves was noticed in 2.96% of cases and from the ventral branch of the 5th lumbal nerve in only 1.48% of observed pigs. N. Ischiadicus demonstrated the largest variation from the most frequently described emergence. In only 19.25% cases did it emerge from the ventral branches of 5th and 6th lumbal nerves and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves, and more rarely in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. It was observed most frequently in the ventral branches of the two final lumbal nerves and 1st sacral nerve (52.58%), more often in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae. Ventral branches of the final lumbal and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves participated in the emergence of 20.70% cases, and somewhat more frequently in pigs with six lumbal vertebrae. Emergence of n. ischiadicus from the ventral branches of the final lumbal and the 1st sacral nerves was noticed, more frequently in pigs with seven lumbal vertebrae.Istraživanja su provedena na 135 svinja podrijetlom s farme “Sljeme” Sesvete tijekom 1999 godine. Ustanovljena je razlika u nastanku n. femoralis, n. obturatorius i n. ischiadicus u svinja sa šest i sedam slabinskih kralježaka. N. femoralis je nastao povezivanjem ventralnih grana posljednjih dvaju slabinskih živaca u 65,92% svinja podjednako učestalo u svinja sa šest (31,11%) i sedam (34,81%) slabinskih kralježaka. Ventralne grane posljednjih slabinskih živaca u svinja sa šest i sedam slabinskih kralježaka tvorile su n. femoralis u 26,66% pretraženih svinja, a n. obturatorius je najučestalije nastajao iz ventralnih grana posljednjih slabinskih živaca u svinja sa šest i sedam slabinskih kralježaka u 66,66%, a neznatno učestalije u svinja sa 7 slabinskih kralježaka. Znatno rjeđe nastaje iz ventralnih grana pretposljednjih slabinskih živaca (28,88%), a učestalije u svinja sa šest slabinskih kralježaka (18,51%). U svinja sa šest slabinskih kralježaka zapažen je nastanak n. obturatorius iz ventralnih grana 4., 5. i 6. slabinskog živca u 2,96%, a samo iz ventralne grane 5. slabinskog živca u 1,48% pretraženih svinja. N. ischiadicus pokazao je najveće odstupanje od najčešće opisivanog nastanka. U svega 19,25% slučajeva nastao je iz ventralnih grana 5. i 6. slabinskog te 1. i 2. križnog živca, rjeđe u svinja sa 7 slabinskih kralježaka. Najučestalije su ga tvorile ventralne grane dvaju posljednjih slabinskih živaca i prvog križnog živca (52,58%), znatno češće u svinja sa sedam slabinskih kralježaka. Ventralne grane posljednjeg slabinskog te 1. i 2. križnog živca sudjelovale su u nastanku 20,70% pretraženih svinja sa 6 slabinskih kralježaka. Zabilježen je nastanak n. ischiadicusa iz ventralnih grana posljednjeg slabinskog i prvog križnog živca češće u svinja sa sedam slabinskih kralježaka

Anatomske varijacije vratnih mišića u pasa.

Muscle variations are common in humans, as well as in both wild and domestic animals. They are defined as additional muscle bundles or bellies, unusual insertions or even complete absence of the muscle. In this manuscript, we have described different variations of neck muscles in dogs. Fifty-seven medium sized dogs of different breeds, sex and ages were dissected between 2005 and 2011, within gross anatomy course. These variations were observed in four (7.02%) dogs and have included the sternohyoideus, stylohyoideus, sternocephalicus and scalenus dorsalis muscle. One dog presented three muscle variations (left sternohyoideus muscle, left and right stylohyoidues muscle), another two dogs showed two muscle variations (left and right sternocephalicus muscle) and one dog had one muscle variation (left scalenus dorsalis muscle). Muscle variations were observed bilaterally three times and once involved the stylohyoideus muscle and in the other two cases, the sternocephalicus muscle. The close phylogenetic relationship explains the observed muscle variations. Our description of neck muscle variations in dogs is a contribution to phylogenetic research and, in the terms of veterinary medicine, their presence has to be taken in account during surgical procedures of the neck region.Varijacije mišića učestale su u ljudi, kao i u divljih i domaćih životinja. Varijacije mišića mogu se definirati kao pojava dodatnoga mišićnog traka ili trbuha, neuobičajeno mjesto početka ili završetka mišića kao i potpuni nedostatak mišića. U ovom radu opisali smo različite varijacije mišića u pasa. U razdoblju između 2005. i 2011. godine na nastavi anatomije secirano je 57 pasa srednje veličine, različite pasmine, spola i dobi. Varijacije mišića vrata uočili smo u 4 (7,02%) psa na mišićima: m. sternohyoideus, m. stylohyoideus, m. sternocephalicus i m. scalenus dorsalis. Na jednom psu pronašli smo tri varijacije (lijevi m. sternohyoideus te lijevi i desni m. stylohyoidues), na druga dva psa dvije varijacije (lijevi i desni m. sternocephalicus) te na jednom psu jednu varijaciju (lijevi m. scalenus dorsalis). Bilateralne varijacije mišića uočene su triput i uključuju m. stylohyoideus u jednom i m. sternocephalicus u dva slučaja. Uočene varijacije mišića mogu se obrazložiti bliskim filogenetskim odnosom. Opis varijacija mišića u ovom radu naš je doprinos filogenetskim istraživanjima, a u okvirima veterinarske medicine, njihova se prisutnost mora uzeti u obzir tijekom kirurških zahvata u području vrata

Utjecaj zagađenosti mora na histoenzimsku aktivnost u škrgama i nekim organima probavnog sustava glavatog cipla (Mugil cephalus) i običnog vodara (Carcinus aestuari Nardo).

Sea pollution by various organic and inorganic matters has become an increasingly serious problem. Irrespective of their origin, pollutants -especially those in harbours - have a hazardous effect on living marine organisms. The mullet (Mugil cephalus) inhabits harbours that are rich in food. The coast crab (Carcinus aestuari Nardo) is also frequently found there. Our study was designed to elucidate the activity of oxidative enzymes (LDH, SDH and NADPH) in the gills, liver, digestive gland, stomach and intestines of mullet and coast crab in two sites: Zadar\u27s marina and harbour, and the area southeast of Krbela island. The activity of NADPH, and particularly that of LDH and SDH, showed increased activity, notably in the gills and liver of both species from the Zadar marine and harbour. LHD activity in the gills, liver, stomach and intestines of coast crab from the Zadar site was more marked than in mullet from the same group. The activity of oxidative enzymes ithe studied organs of mullet and coast crab inhabiting the Zadar site indicated effects of heavy metals, oil and oil derivatives, kaolin, chlorinated hydrocarbons and pesticides on the bodyMore je svakim danom sve onečišćenije različitim organskim i anorganskim tvarima. Onečišćenja, posebice u lukama, bilo organska bilo anorganska nepovoljno utjeću na žive organizme u moru. Riba glavati cipal (Mugil cephalus) je redovito prisutna u lukama gdje ima obilje hrane, a uz nju se često može naći i rak obični vodar (Carcinus aestuari Nardo). Istražili smo aktivnost oksidativnih enzima (LDH, SDH i NADPH) u škrgama, jetri, probavnoj žlijezdi, želucu i crijevima glavatog cipla i običnog vodara ulovljenih u moru marine i luke u Zadru te s jugoistočne strane otoka Krbele. Aktivnost NDPH, a posebice LDH i SDH pokazuje pojaćanu aktivnosti u istraženim organima, što se osobito ističe u škrgama i jetri odnosno probavnoj žlijezdi skupine riba i rakova ulovljenih u marini i luci u Zadru. Aktivnost LDH u škrgama, probavnoj žlijezdi, želucu i crijevu običnog vodara iz marine i luke u Zadru bila je nešto jača nego u iste skupine glavatih cipala. Aktivnost oksidativnih enzima u istraženim organima glavatog cipla i običnog vodara iz mora marine i luke u Zadru ukazuju na izvrgnutost organizama utjecaju teških metala, nafte i naftnih derivata, kaolina, kloriranih hidrokarbonata i pesticida

Utjecaj zagađenosti mora na histoenzimsku aktivnost u škrgama i nekim organima probavnog sustava glavatog cipla (Mugil cephalus) i običnog vodara (Carcinus aestuari Nardo).

Sea pollution by various organic and inorganic matters has become an increasingly serious problem. Irrespective of their origin, pollutants -especially those in harbours - have a hazardous effect on living marine organisms. The mullet (Mugil cephalus) inhabits harbours that are rich in food. The coast crab (Carcinus aestuari Nardo) is also frequently found there. Our study was designed to elucidate the activity of oxidative enzymes (LDH, SDH and NADPH) in the gills, liver, digestive gland, stomach and intestines of mullet and coast crab in two sites: Zadar\u27s marina and harbour, and the area southeast of Krbela island. The activity of NADPH, and particularly that of LDH and SDH, showed increased activity, notably in the gills and liver of both species from the Zadar marine and harbour. LHD activity in the gills, liver, stomach and intestines of coast crab from the Zadar site was more marked than in mullet from the same group. The activity of oxidative enzymes ithe studied organs of mullet and coast crab inhabiting the Zadar site indicated effects of heavy metals, oil and oil derivatives, kaolin, chlorinated hydrocarbons and pesticides on the bodyMore je svakim danom sve onečišćenije različitim organskim i anorganskim tvarima. Onečišćenja, posebice u lukama, bilo organska bilo anorganska nepovoljno utjeću na žive organizme u moru. Riba glavati cipal (Mugil cephalus) je redovito prisutna u lukama gdje ima obilje hrane, a uz nju se često može naći i rak obični vodar (Carcinus aestuari Nardo). Istražili smo aktivnost oksidativnih enzima (LDH, SDH i NADPH) u škrgama, jetri, probavnoj žlijezdi, želucu i crijevima glavatog cipla i običnog vodara ulovljenih u moru marine i luke u Zadru te s jugoistočne strane otoka Krbele. Aktivnost NDPH, a posebice LDH i SDH pokazuje pojaćanu aktivnosti u istraženim organima, što se osobito ističe u škrgama i jetri odnosno probavnoj žlijezdi skupine riba i rakova ulovljenih u marini i luci u Zadru. Aktivnost LDH u škrgama, probavnoj žlijezdi, želucu i crijevu običnog vodara iz marine i luke u Zadru bila je nešto jača nego u iste skupine glavatih cipala. Aktivnost oksidativnih enzima u istraženim organima glavatog cipla i običnog vodara iz mora marine i luke u Zadru ukazuju na izvrgnutost organizama utjecaju teških metala, nafte i naftnih derivata, kaolina, kloriranih hidrokarbonata i pesticida

Anatomic variations of the neck muscles in dogs

Muscle variations are common in humans, as well as in both wild and domestic animals. They are defined as additional muscle bundles or bellies, unusual insertions or even complete absence of the muscle. In this manuscript, we have described different variations of neck muscles in dogs. Fifty-seven medium sized dogs of different breeds, sex and ages were dissected between 2005 and 2011, within gross anatomy course. These variations were observed in four (7.02%) dogs and have included the sternohyoideus, stylohyoideus, sternocephalicus and scalenus dorsalis muscle. One dog presented three muscle variations (left sternohyoideus muscle, left and right stylohyoidues muscle), another two dogs showed two muscle variations (left and right sternocephalicus muscle) and one dog had one muscle variation (left scalenus dorsalis muscle). Muscle variations were observed bilaterally three times and once involved the stylohyoideus muscle and in the other two cases, the sternocephalicus muscle. The close phylogenetic relationship explains the observed muscle variations. Our description of neck muscle variations in dogs is a contribution to phylogenetic research and, in the terms o