Three Phases of Chinese Political Translation after 1949: Similarities and Differences

This study aims to explore the changes in translation of political discourse after P.R. China was established in 1949. It also explores the possible factors that had the most impact on these changes. To that end, official political discourse after the establishment of China is divided into 3 phases in terms of political leadership: under Mao Zedong (1949-1976), under Deng Xiaoping (1978-1991) and under Jiang Zemin (1991- 2008). The official translation of selected works of these three political leaders is examined in detail accordingly. As the major theoretic framework in researching political discourse, Critical Discourse Analysis is drawn on to analyse the translation and translation practices in these three phases. Political documents in different genres by these leaders and their translations are analysed in relation to the political and social-cultural background and the major influential translation theories in each historical phase. The analysis of political discourse translation for these three phases reveals that the translation of Mao’s work is endowed with Mao’s personal cult and class struggle so the translation is very faithful to the original, whereas the translation of Deng’s works are more flexible and target culture-oriented due to the political ideology of the time. The political ideology of Jiang’s time also influenced the translation of Jiang’s work. While it is still target culture and target language oriented, it becomes more flexible in its form and still serves the political ideology of Jiang’s time. It is concluded that although the translation of political discourse is very much bound to the political ideology and the sociocultural context of each phase, the translation and translation practice in each phase differ significantly due to other factors such as the translators and the translation theories influential in each historical phase

Bilateral Industrial Symbiosis. An assessment of its potential in New South Wales to deal sustainably with manufacturing waste

Manufacturing takes place in NSW on sites that are dispersed throughout the state. They may be isolated, remote from one another and hence from likely users of their waste. This scenario is not conducive to industrial symbiosis which is conventionally understood to be a network of organisations in close geographic proximity that share resources, cascade energy and use each other’s waste. Regulations governing the disposal of waste are stringent and associated costs are significant, largely due to the highest landfill levies anywhere in Australia. The state government’s strategy is to increase levies to a level that ‘induces’ generators of waste to find alternatives to landfill. Responding to these challenges will necessitate a fundamental change in the approach to dealing with waste. The way in which manufactures might accomplish the change sustainably and systematically is the underlying issue addressed in this thesis. The concept of physical bilateral symbiosis, specifically an arrangement between a generator of waste and its user, has been developed to suit geographic conditions in NSW. However, an attempt to establish trials of its autogenous form was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, results of the attempt indicated that broader issues should be investigated: managers’ perceptions of waste disposal, their willingness and their capacity to meet the challenges imposed by government; collectively, what I have called a generator’s internal infrastructure. These issues, in turn, led to an investigation of how third parties, that is, the external infrastructure, might be able to facilitate bilateral symbiosis. The principal findings are that while some generators may develop uses for their waste others will simply not be able to do so. There is, in practice, no external infrastructure capable of facilitating systematic, bilateral symbiosis on behalf of a generator. Furthermore, government action, particularly in relation to policy on funding, is neither appropriate nor adequate for sustainable development in relation to waste. The overall conclusion is that much could be done by the private sector to increase the use of waste, if government policy were to support the effort. However, that support is expected to be very difficult to achieve, even in the form of appropriate legislation in NSW, let alone coordinated among the various jurisdictions in Australia. In regard to what actually happens in practice, the current scenario in general is unlikely to change significantly within the foreseeable future

Virtual reality training to improve complex skills – concerns and remarks:A Letter to the Editor

Background: There has been limited literature on immersive virtual reality (VR) simulation in orthopaedic education. The purpose of this multicenter, blinded, randomized controlled trial was to determine the validity and efficacy of immersive VR training in orthopaedic resident education.Methods: Nineteen senior orthopaedic residents (resident group) and 7 consultant shoulder arthroplasty surgeons (expert group) participated in the trial comparing immersive VR with traditional learning using a technical journal article as a control. The examined task focused on achieving optimal glenoid exposure. Participants completed demographic qu`estionnaires, knowledge tests, and a glenoid exposure on fresh-frozen cadavers while being examined by blinded shoulder arthroplasty surgeons. Training superiority was determined by the outcome measures of the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) score, a developed laboratory metric, verbal answers, and time to task completion.Results: Immersive VR had greater realism and was superior in teaching glenoid exposure than the control (p = 0.01). The expert group outperformed the resident group on knowledge testing (p = 0.04). The immersive VR group completed the learning activity and knowledge tests significantly faster (p < 0.001) at a mean time (and standard deviation) of 11 +/- 3 minutes than the control group at 20 +/- 4 minutes, performing 3 to 5 VR repeats for a reduction in learning time of 570%. The immersive VR group completed the glenoid exposure significantly faster ( p = 0.04) at a mean time of 14 +/- 7 minutes than the control group at 21 +/- 6 minutes, with superior OSATS instrument handling scores (p = 0.03). The immersive VR group scored equivalently in surprise verbal scores (p = 0.85) and written knowledge scores (p = 1.0).Conclusions: Immersive VR demonstrated substantially improved translational technical and nontechnical skills acquisition over traditional learning in senior orthopaedic residents. Additionally, the results demonstrate the face, content, construct, and transfer validity for immersive VR

Conventional Radiograph Is Still Advised in the Diagnostic Work-up of a Shoulder Dislocation; a Letter to the Editor

Dear editor: A shoulder dislocation is a common diagnosis at the emergency department, showing an incidence of 23.9 per 100,000 person-years. In the current diagnostic work-up, a radiograph is often used to confirm the dislocation. As radiographs are associated with radiation exposure, the ultrasound has been proposed as an alternative. Therefore, the study by Entezari et al is of great importance in evaluating the applicability of the ultrasound. However, the authors suggest that the ultrasound can be used as an alternative to the radiograph. In our opinion, an important advantage of the radiograph has not been discussed and we question some decisions that were made in terms of methodology. Therefore, we think that this study has to be seen in the light of these remarks

High microsatellite and SNP genotyping success rate established in a large number of genomic DNA samples extracted from mouth swabs and genotypes

In this article, we present the genomic DNA yield and the microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping success rates of genomic DNA extracted from a large number of mouth swab samples. In total, the median yield and quality was determined in 714 individuals and the success rates in 378,480 genotypings of 915 individuals. The median yield of genomic DNA per mouth swab was 4.1 μg (range 0.1-42.2 μg) and was not reduced when mouth swabs were stored for at least 21 months prior to extraction. A maximum of 20 mouth swabs is collected per participant. Mouth swab samples showed in, respectively, 89% for 390 microsatellites and 99% for 24 SNPs a genotyping success rate higher than 75%. A very low success rate of genotyping (0%-10%) was obtained for 3.2% of the 915 mouth swab samples using microsatellite markers. Only 0.005% of the mouth swab samples showed a genotyping success rate lower than 75% (range 58%-71 %) using SNPs. Our results show that mouth swabs can be easily collected, stored by our conditions for months prior to DNA extraction and result in high yield and high-quality DNA appropriate for genotyping with high success rate including whole genome searches using microsatellites or SNPs

High-dose posaconazole for azole-resistant aspergillosis and other difficult-to-treat mould infections

Background: Oral follow-up therapy is problematic in moulds with reduced azole-susceptibility, such as azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Currently, only intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is advocated by guidelines for the treatment of azole-resistant aspergillosis infections. Preclinical research indicates that high-dose posaconazole (HD-POS) might be a feasible option provided that high drug exposure (ie POS serum through levels >3 mg/L) can be achieved and is safe. Objectives: To describe our experience with the use of oral HD-POS as treatment strategies for patients infected with pathogens with a POS MIC close to the clinical breakpoint. Patients/Methods: We review evidence supporting the use of HD-POS and describe our experience on safety and efficacy in 16 patients. In addition, we describe the adverse events (AE) observed in 25 patients with POS concentrations at the higher end of the population distribution during treatment with the licensed dose. Results: Sixteen patients were treated intentionally with HD-POS for voriconazole-resistant invasive aspergillosis (7/16), mucormycosis (4/16), salvage therapy for IA (4/16) and IA at a sanctuary site (spondylodiscitis) in 1. Grade 3-4 AEs were observed in 6, and all of them were considered at least possibly related. Grade 3-4 AEs were observed in 5 of the 25 patients with spontaneous high POS serum through levels considered at least possibly related using Naranjo scale. Conclusions: High-dose posaconazole is a treatment option if strict monitoring for both exposure and for AE is possible

Population Pharmacokinetic Model and Pharmacokinetic Target Attainment of Micafungin in Intensive Care Unit Patients

_Objective:_ To study the pharmacokinetics of micafungin in intensive care patients and assess pharmacokinetic (PK) target attainment for various dosing strateg