Temperature Determination of Resonantly Excited Plasmonic Branched Gold Nanoparticles by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The fields of bioscience and nanomedicine demand precise thermometry for nanoparticle heat characterization down to the nanoscale regime. Since current methods often use indirect and less accurate techniques to determine the nanoparticle temperature, there is a pressing need for a direct and reliable element-specific method. In-situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy is used to determine the thermo-optical properties of plasmonic branched gold nanoparticles upon resonant laser illumination. With EXAFS, the direct determination of the nanoparticle temperature increase upon laser illumination is possible via the thermal influence on the gold lattice parameters. More specifically, using the change of the Debye-Waller term representing the lattice disorder, the temperature increase is selectively measured within the plasmonic branched nanoparticles upon resonant laser illumination. In addition, the signal intensity shows that the nanoparticle concentration in the beam more than doubles during laser illumination, thereby demonstrating that photothermal heating is a dynamic process. A comparable temperature increase is measured in the nanoparticle suspension using a thermocouple. This good correspondence between the temperature at the level of the nanoparticle and at the level of the suspension points to an efficient heat transfer between the nanoparticle and the surrounding medium, thus confirming the potential of branched gold nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications. This work demonstrates that X-ray absorption spectroscopy-based nanothermometry could be a valuable tool in the fast-growing number of applications of plasmonic nanoparticles, particularly in life sciences and medicine.status: publishe

Risk Factors for Natural Hearing Evolution in Newborns With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

ImportanceCongenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the major cause of congenital nonhereditary sensorineural hearing loss in children. Currently, criteria to identify infants at increased risk for unfavorable hearing outcome are lacking.ObjectiveTo identify risk factors associated with cCMV-related hearing improvement, hearing deterioration, and late-onset hearing loss.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter cohort study included patients from 6 secondary and tertiary hospitals enrolled in the Flemish CMV registry (Belgium). Newborns with untreated cCMV infection with at least 4-year audiological follow-up were included. Patients who presented with other possible causes of sensorineural hearing loss were excluded. Data were collected for 15 years (January 1, 2007, to February 7, 2022) and analyzed from September 26, 2022, to January 16, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcome was hearing evolution (per-ear analysis; described as stable hearing, improvement, or deterioration). The association of gestational characteristics, clinical findings, timing of seroconversion, viral load, and hearing status at birth with hearing evolution was investigated using effect sizes (Cramer V, odds ratio [OR], or Hedges g).ResultsOf the 387 children, 205 of 385 with nonmissing data were male (53.2%), 113 (29.2%) had a symptomatic infection, and 274 (70.8%) had an asymptomatic infection. Every child was 4 years or older at final hearing evaluation. A total of 701 of 774 ears (90%) showed stable hearing (normal hearing or stable hearing loss since birth) over time. Late-onset hearing loss (normal hearing at birth followed by hearing loss) was present in 43 of 683 ears (6.3%). Among children with hearing loss present at birth, 24 of 34 ears (70.6%) had hearing deterioration, and 6 of 91 ears (6.6%) had hearing improvement. Prematurity was associated with a higher chance of hearing improvement (OR, 12.80; 95% CI, 2.03-80.68). Late-onset hearing loss was more prevalent in a first trimester infection (OR, 10.10; 95% CI, 2.90-34.48). None of the 104 ears of children with a third trimester seroconversion developed late-onset hearing loss.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this cohort study support that ongoing audiological follow-up for untreated children with congenital hearing loss is important, as the majority of patients had hearing deterioration. The timing of seroconversion was associated with the risk of developing late-onset hearing loss. These insights can aid in parental counseling, patient stratification, and follow-up. Future research should focus on the effect of treatment, the influence of determined risk factors, and the study of eventual new risk factors in patients at high risk to develop hearing loss.</jats:sec

Risk Factors for hearing loss at birth in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Importance With a prevalence between 0.2% and 6.1% of all live births, congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is a major cause of congenital nonhereditary sensorineural hearing loss. Despite the large amount of research on cCMV-related hearing loss, it is still unclear which newborns are at risk of hearing loss. Objective To identify independent risk factors for cCMV-related congenital hearing loss and predictors of hearing loss severity at birth. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of newborns with cCMV infection used data included in the Flemish CMV registry that was collected from 6 secondary and tertiary hospitals in Flanders, Belgium, over 15 years (January 1, 2007, to February 7, 2022). Data were analyzed March 3 to October 19, 2022. Patients were included in the study after confirmed diagnosis of cCMV infection and known hearing status at birth. Patients who presented with other possible causes of sensorineural hearing loss were excluded. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was hearing status at birth. Clinical, neurological, and laboratory findings along with the timing of seroconversion and blood viral load were separately considered as risk factors. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for congenital hearing loss in newborns with cCMV. Effect sizes were measured using Hedges g, odds ratio, or Cramer V. Results Of the 1033 newborns included in the study (553 of 1024 [54.0%] boys), 416 (40.3%) were diagnosed with symptomatic cCMV infection and 617 (59.7%) with asymptomatic cCMV infection. A total of 15.4% of the patients (n = 159) presented with congenital hearing loss; half of them (n = 80 [50.3%]) had isolated hearing loss. The regression model revealed 3 independent risk factors for congenital hearing loss: petechiae at birth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.7; 95% CI, 1.9-23.9), periventricular cysts on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; aOR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.5-14.1), and seroconversion in the first trimester (aOR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-9.3). Lower viral loads were seen in patients with normal hearing compared with those with congenital hearing loss (median [IQR] viral load, 447.0 [39.3-2345.8] copies per milliliter of sample [copies/mL] vs 1349.5 [234.3-14 393.0] copies/mL; median difference, −397.0 [95% CI, −5058.0 to 174.0] copies/mL). Conclusions and Relevance Findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that newborns with cCMV infection and petechiae at birth, periventricular cysts on MRI, or a seroconversion in the first trimester had a higher risk of congenital hearing loss. Clinicians may use these risk factors to counsel parents in the prenatal and postnatal periods about the risk of congenital hearing loss. Moreover, linking clinical features to hearing loss may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of cCMV-related hearing loss. The importance of viral load as a risk factor for congenital hearing loss remains unclear