Combining economic and social goals in the design of production systems by using ergonomics standards

In designing of production systems, economic and social goals can be combined, if ergonomics is integrated into the design process. More than 50 years of ergonomics research and practice have resulted in a large number of ergonomics standards for designing physical and organizational work environments. This paper gives an overview of the 174 international ISO and European CEN standards in this field, and discusses their applicability in design processes. The available standards include general recommendations for integrating ergonomics into the design process, as well as specific requirements for manual handling, mental load, task design, human-computer-interaction, noise, heat, body measurements, and other topics. The standards can be used in different phases of the design process: allocation of system functions between humans and machines, design of the work organization, work tasks and jobs, design of work environment, design of work equipment, hardware and software, and design of workspace and workstation. The paper is meant to inform engineers and managers involved in the design of production systems about the existence of a large number of ISO and CEN standards on ergonomics, which can be used to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.review;standard;standardization;ergonomics;CEN;ISO;human factors;production engineering;production planning

Combining economic and social goals in the design of production systems by using ergonomics standards

In designing of production systems, economic and social goals can be combined, if ergonomics is integrated into the design process. More than 50 years of ergonomics research and practice have resulted in a large number of ergonomics standards for designing physical and organizational work environments. This paper gives an overview of the 174 international ISO and European CEN standards in this field, and discusses their applicability in design proces

Field systems and later prehistoric land use:: new insights into land use detectability and palaeodemography in the Netherlands through LiDAR, automatic detection and traditional field data

This paper discusses how the use of AI (artificial intelligence) detected later prehistoric field systems provides a more reliable base for reconstructing palaeodemographic trends, using the Netherlands as a case study. Despite its long tradition of settlement excavations, models that could be used to reconstruct (changes in) prehistoric land use have been few and often relied on (insufficiently mapped) nodal data points such as settlements and barrows. We argue that prehistoric field systems of field plots beset on all sides by earthen banks—known as Celtic fields—are a more suitable (i.e. less nodal) proxy for reconstructing later prehistoric land use.For four 32.25 km2 case study areas in different geogenetic regions of the Netherlands, prehistoric land use surface areas are modelled based on conventional methods and the results are compared to the results we obtained by using AI-assisted detection of prehistoric field systems. The nationally available LiDAR data were used for automated detection. Geotiff DTM images were fed into an object detection algorithm (based on the YOLOv4 framework and trained with known Dutch sites), and resultant geospatial vectors were imported into GIS.Our analysis shows that AI-assisted detection of prehistoric embanked field systems on average leads to a factor 1.84 increase in known surface areas of Celtic fields. Modelling the numbers of occupants from this spatial coverage, yields population sizes of 37–135 persons for the case study regions (i.e. 1.15 to 4.19 p/km2). This range aligns well with previous estimates and offers a more robust and representative proxy for palaeodemographic reconstructions. Variations in land use coverage between the regions could be explained by differences in present-day land use and research intensity. Particularly the regionally different extent of forestlands and heathlands (ideal for the (a) preservation and (b) automated LiDAR detection of embanked field systems) explains minor variations between the four case study regions.Digital ArchaeologyEuropean Prehistor

Wall roughness induces asymptotic ultimate turbulence

Turbulence is omnipresent in Nature and technology, governing the transport of heat, mass, and momentum on multiple scales. For real-world applications of wall-bounded turbulence, the underlying surfaces are virtually always rough; yet characterizing and understanding the effects of wall roughness for turbulence remains a challenge, especially for rotating and thermally driven turbulence. By combining extensive experiments and numerical simulations, here, taking as example the paradigmatic Taylor-Couette system (the closed flow between two independently rotating coaxial cylinders), we show how wall roughness greatly enhances the overall transport properties and the corresponding scaling exponents. If only one of the walls is rough, we reveal that the bulk velocity is slaved to the rough side, due to the much stronger coupling to that wall by the detaching flow structures. If both walls are rough, the viscosity dependence is thoroughly eliminated in the boundary layers and we thus achieve asymptotic ultimate turbulence, i.e. the upper limit of transport, whose existence had been predicted by Robert Kraichnan in 1962 (Phys. Fluids {\bf 5}, 1374 (1962)) and in which the scalings laws can be extrapolated to arbitrarily large Reynolds numbers

Plangebied Dorp 7 in Waarder gemeente Bodegraven-Reeuwijk archeologisch vooronderzoek een bureauonderzoek en verkennend veldonderzoek

RAAP Archeologisch Adviesbureau heeft in augustus 2012 een archeologisch onderzoek uitgevoerd in plangebied Dorp 7 te Waarder in de gemeente Bodegraven-Reeuwijk. De aanleiding voor dit onderzoek is het voornemen om op deze locatie twee ondergrondse (afval)containers aan te leggen. Zoals op basis van het bureauonderzoek reeds verwacht werd, bestaat de bodemopbouw in het plangebied uit komafzettingen op crevasseafzettingen. Voor de crevasseafzettingen gold een mid¬delhoge archeologische verwachting voor vindplaatsen uit de periode Neolithicum t/m Romeinse tijd en een hoge archeologische verwachting voor vindplaatsen uit de Middeleeuwen. Tijdens het verkennend booronderzoek is de bodemopbouw en de mate van recente verstoringen van de bodem van het plangebied in kaart gebracht. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat de bodem in het plan¬gebied in het recente verleden tot een 25 tot 100 cm Mv is verstoord (bijlage 1). Vanaf 25 tot 100 cm -Mv zijn kleiige en venige komafzettingen aangetroffen. In de top van de komafzettingen zijn archeologische indicatoren aangetroffen die samenhangen met de bewoning van (de omgeving) van het plangebied in de Middeleeuwen en/of Nieuwe tijd. Op basis hiervan blijft de hoge archeo¬logische verwachting voor vindplaatsen uit de Middeleeuwen en/of Nieuwe tijd behouden. Vanaf circa 2 m -Mv zijn crevasseafzettingen aangetroffen. In deze afzettingen kunnen archeologische resten aanwezig zijn. Voor het plangebied geldt dan ook een middelhoge archeologische ver¬wachting voor vindplaatsen uit de periode Neolithicum t/m Romeinse tijd

A cluster of chieftains’ graves in the Netherlands? Cremating and inhumating elites during Ha C on the Maashorst, the Netherlands

European Prehistor