Probing shells against buckling: a non-destructive technique for laboratory testing

This paper addresses testing of compressed structures, such as shells, that exhibit catastrophic buckling and notorious imperfection sensitivity. The central concept is the probing of a loaded structural specimen by a controlled lateral displacement to gain quantitative insight into its buckling behaviour and to measure the energy barrier against buckling. This can provide design information about a structure's stiffness and robustness against buckling in terms of energy and force landscapes. Developments in this area are relatively new but have proceeded rapidly with encouraging progress. Recent experimental tests on uniformly compressed spherical shells, and axially loaded cylinders, show excellent agreement with theoretical solutions. The probing technique could be a valuable experimental procedure for testing prototype structures, but before it can be used a range of potential problems must be examined and solved. The probing response is highly nonlinear and a variety of complications can occur. Here, we make a careful assessment of unexpected limit points and bifurcations, that could accompany probing, causing complications and possibly even collapse of a test specimen. First, a limit point in the probe displacement (associated with a cusp instability and fold) can result in dynamic buckling as probing progresses, as demonstrated in the buckling of a spherical shell under volume control. Second, various types of bifurcations which can occur on the probing path which result in the probing response becoming unstable are also discussed. To overcome these problems, we outline the extra controls over the entire structure that may be needed to stabilize the response.Comment: as accepted in International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos (18 pages

Factors associated with self-rated health status in university students: a cross-sectional study in three European countries-2

when different self-efficacy scores are considered.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Factors associated with self-rated health status in university students: a cross-sectional study in three European countries"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/215</p><p>BMC Public Health 2008;8():215-215.</p><p>Published online 18 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2438349.</p><p></p

Results of logistic regression analysis conducted in five countries: relative odds of two health outcomes associated with (1) physical fighting and (2) weapon carrying, 2006 <i>(Boys)</i>^*.

*<p>(1) Models simultaneously adjusted for age, socio-economic status, physical activity, smoking, drinking, evenings out with friends, and bullying victimization.</p

Prevalence of physical fighting, weapon carrying, and potential adolescent health outcomes, percentages (standard errors) by gender and country, 2006.

<p>Prevalence of physical fighting, weapon carrying, and potential adolescent health outcomes, percentages (standard errors) by gender and country, 2006.</p

Demographic characteristics of study samples in five HBSC countries, 2006.

<p>Demographic characteristics of study samples in five HBSC countries, 2006.</p